âp¡õV¡$V$
- lr_®ep-h^fphm
ApS>¡
Ap`Z¡ ÓZ fp¡Np¡_u A¡L$ kp\¡ ÅZL$pfu d¡mhhp_p R>uA¡. Ap fp¡N_u `ysõ[L$p dpV¡$
hpQL$p¡ [fa\u gp¬bp kde\u dpNZu l[u. Ap fp¡Np¡ A¡hp R>¡ L¡$ [¡_p\u fp¡NuAp¡ k[[
d|¬Tp[p lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ [¡_p¡ kQp¡V$ D`pe [¡_¡ S>X$[p¡ _\u lp¡[p¡. Ap ÓZ¡e ìepr^Ap¡
L$ô$kpÝe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ iê$Ap[ lp¡e [p¡ S> Ap¥j^\u kpfp \pe R>¡. [¡ S>¡d S>¡d h^[p
Åe [¡d [¡d Ap¥j^_¡ [¡ NZL$pf[p¬ b¬^ \pe R>¡ A_¡ R>¡‰¡ [¡ Ap¥j^kpÝe fl¡[p¬ _\u,
i÷kpÝe b_u Åe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ [¡_u i÷q¾$ep S> L$fphhu `X¡$ R>¡. Apd Ap ÓZ¡e fp¡N
Ap¡`f¡i_\u S> dV$_pfp R>¡, `f¬[y OZp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap¡`f¡i__p¡ X$f lp¡e R>¡. fp¡N_y¬
õ\p_ A_¡ fp¡Nu_u Ahõ\p S> A¡hu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡`f¡i_ V$pmhp_u h©r[ klS> lp¡e
R>¡. Aphp fp¡NuAp¡ Ap¡`f¡i_\u bQhp_p¡ D`pe ip¡^[p lp¡e R>¡. Aphp rdÓp¡_¡ S>Zphu
]$J L¡$ blz S|>_p \B Ne¡gp A_¡ R>¡‰u L$npA¡ `lp¢Q¡gp fp¡Np¡ r_d|®m \[p S> _\u.
[¡dp¬ A¡hy¬ b_¡ L¡$ Äep¬ ky^u ]$hp gp¡ Ðep¬ ky^u [¡ fp¡Nu_¡ l¡fp_ L$f¡ _rl,
dyíL¡$gudp¬ d|L¡$ _rl, h^[p AV$L$u Åe A_¡ gp¬b¡ Npm¡ kl¡S> Ap¡R>p `Z \pe. `f¬[y
kph [p¡ dV¡$ S> _rl.
hmu, A¡hy¬
`Z b_¡ L¡$ fp¡N A¡L$]$d h^u Åe L¡$ A¡hu L$p¡B `qfsõ\r[ Aph¡ [p¡ [pÐL$prgL$
Ap¡`f¡i_ `Z L$fphhy¬ `X¡$. A¡V$g¡ Ap¥j^_u fp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k dep®]$p R>¡. [¡\u
Å¡ i¼e lp¡e [p¡ A_yL|m[p âdpZ¡ L¡$ W¬X$u_p q]$hkp¡ Å¡B_¡ i÷q¾$ep L$fphu g¡hu. Ap
hp[ kp\¡ Apeyh£]$ `Z k¬d[ R>¡. Apeyh£]$ Ap¡`f¡i_\u rhfyÙ R>¡ [¡ dpÞe[p Mp¡V$u
A_¡ c|g cf¡gu R>¡. Apeyh£]$dp¬ [¡ kde¡ `Z kS>®fu_¡ A¡V$gy¬ S> dlÐh l[y¬, S>¡V$gy¬
ApS>¡ R>¡.
lh¡ A¡L$
buÆ hp[ `Z S>Zphu ]$J. S>¡ rdÓp¡ Ap¡`f¡i_\u buh¡ R>¡ A_¡ V$pmhp dpN¡ R>¡ [¡dZ¡
kS>®__p¡ Arcâpe d¡mhu g¡hp¡ L¡$ Ap fp¡N_y¬ Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fphhy¬ [pÐL$prgL$ S>ê$fu
[p¡ _\u _¡ ? [¡_u k¬dr[ `R>u Apeyh£]$_p¬ Ap¥j^p¡_y¬ k¡h_ L$fhy¬ A_¡ kpfy¬ gpN¡
[p¡ [¡ D`Qpf Qpgy fpMhp. `f¬[y dp_p¡ L¡$ Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fphhy¬ S> `X¡$ [¡d lp¡e [p¡
Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fphu _pMhy¬. `R>u [¡ fp¡N afu\u ]¡$Mp _ ]¡$ [¡ dpV¡$ Apeyh£]$_p
D`Qpfp¡ L$fhp, S>¡\u fp¡N afu \hp_y¬, Ecfhp_y¬ L$pfZ _ fl¡. Ap Örô$A¡ `Z Ap
D`Qpfp¡, dprl[u A_¡ dpN®]$i®_ D`ep¡Nu \i¡.
Ap ÓZ¡e
fp¡N S>¡ AkpÝe, L$ô$kpÝe, epàe A_¡ i÷kpÝe R>¡, [¡d ÓZ¡e fp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ cpN¡ `yê$jp¡_¡
S> \pe R>¡. [¡dp¬ âp¡õV¡$V$ A_¡ lpBX²$p¡kug [p¡ dpÓ `yfyjp¡dp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
Ap fu[¡ ÓZ¡e fp¡Np¡dp¬ Ap A¡L$ kpçe[p R>¡. ÓZ¡e fp¡N S>__ Ahehp¡ A_¡ d|ÓdpN® kp\¡
k¬b¬^ ^fph¡ R>¡ A_¡ X|¬$V$u_u _uQ¡_p cpNdp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
D`f S>Zph¡g
Qpf iå]$ âep¡N_p¡ kfm A\® kdÅhu ]$J. AkpÝe A¡V$g¡ Ap¥j^ âep¡N_¡ S>fp `Z dQL$ _
Ap`¡ A¡hp fp¡N L¡$ [¡\u sõ\r[. L$ô$kpÝe A¡V$k¡ M|b âeÐ_ `R>u fp¡Ndp¬ ape]$p¡ \pe
`f¬[y [¡ kp¡ V$L$p [p¡ _rl S>. fp¡N h^[p¡ AV$L¡$ A_¡ `pR>p¡ `X¡$ [¡hu sõ\r[ kÅ®e.
Aphp fp¡N L¡$ [¡hu sõ\r[. epàe A¡V$g¡ Äep¬ ky^u Ap¥j^ k¡h_ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ Ðep¬ ky^u
kpfy¬ fl¡, fpl[ fl¡, fp¡N l¡fp_ _ L$f¡. `f¬[y S>¡hy¬ Ap¥j^ k¡h_ b¬^ \pe L¡$ [f[
fp¡N `pR>p¡ ]¡$Mp ]¡$ [¡hu sõ\r[. i÷kpÝe A¡V$g¡ Ap¡`f¡i_ S> A¡L$ dpÓ S>¡_p¡
D`Qpf lp¡e [¡_p fp¡N L¡$ fp¡N_u sõ\r[.
lh¡ Ap
fp¡N_p¬ _pd A_¡ [¡¡_p¡ Ap¡R>p¡ `qfQe d¡mhuA¡. `R>u [¡_y¬ rhN[hpf hZ®_ Å¡Biy¬.
âp¡õV¡$V$_¡
Apeyh£]$dp¬ hp[pr›$gp L¡$ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ L$l¡ R>¡. [¡_y¬ õ\p_ d|Ópie A_¡
d|Ó_rgL$p_y¬ Äep¬ rdg_ lp¡e [¡_u `pk¡ `¡Yy$_p cpNdp¬ \pe R>¡. [¡dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡
[¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$pBqV$k fp¡N \ep¡ L$l¡hpe.
buÅ¡ fp¡N
[¡ lr_®ep. _pd M|b ârQg[ R>¡, S>¡_¡ kpfZNp¬W$ `Z L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. [¡ ifufdp¬
b¡ ÓZ S>ÁepA¡ [¡_p âL$pf âdpZ¡ \pe R>¡. `f¬[y dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ [¡ Ap¬[fX$p Üpfp h©jZ
L$p¡\mudp¬ E[f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ A¬ÓS> h©qÙ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
h^fphm
A¡V$g¡ lpBX²$p¡kug. S>¡_¡ h©jZ h©qÙ, A¬X$h©qÙ, S>m h©qÙ `Z L$l¡ R>¡. hfd, `pZu
cfphy¬, gp¡lu cfphy¬, Np¬W$ \hu, _k a}ghu hN¡f¡\u `Z Ap fp¡N Ap¡mMpe R>¡. Ap
fp¡Ndp¬ h©jZ_u L$p¡\mudp¬ `pZu cfpe R>¡ A_¡ _pfue¡m S>¡hu a}gu Åe R>¡.
lh¡ Ap`Z¡
]f¡L$ fp¡N_¡ AgN `qfQe d¡mhuiy¬.
D`f
âp¡õV¡$V$ : `p¥fyj
N°¬r\ : hp[próW$gp
`yfyj ifuf_p `¡Yy$dp¬ Äep¬
d|Ópie (åg¡X$f) _y¬ dp¢ Aph¡gy¬ R>¡, S>ep¬\u d|ÓdpN® iê$ \pe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ d|Ópie_¡
d|Ó_rgL$p Å¡X$pep R>¡ [¡ õ\m¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ _pd_y¬ D`p¬N Aph¡gy¬ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p¡
ApL$pf kp¡`pfu S>¡hX$p¡ lp¡e R>¡. V|¬$L$dp¬, Ap N°¬r\ d|mpie_u _ÆL$ `Z R>¡.
dmpie A_¡ âp¡õV¡$V_u hÃQ¡ dpÓ ïg¡sódL$ ÐhQp_y¬ `p[my¬ `X$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap fu[¡
âp¡õV¡$V$ dmpie (f¡L$V$d) A_¡ d|Ópie_u hÃQ¡ Aph¡gu S>¡hX$u N°¡r\ (Np¬W$) R>¡.
Ap Np¬W$
dpÓ `yfyjp¡dp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡, ÷uAp¡dp¬ _rl, A¡ [¡_u rhi¡j[p R>¡. `yfyjp¡dp¬ S>
Å¡hp dm[u lp¡hp\u Ap Np¬W$_¡ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ `Z L$l¡ R>¡. Ap N°¬r\_u buÆ `Z A¡L$
Mpk _p¢^hp S>¡hu bpb[ R>¡ L¡$ [¡ dpÓ dp_hudp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡, AÞe L$p¡B `Z
âpZudp¬ âp¡õV¡$V$_u Np¬W$ Asõ[Ðh ^fph[u _\u.
Ap Np¬W$
`yfyjp¡dp¬ Äepf¡ [¡ bpëephõ\p R>p¡X$u eyhp_udp¬ âh¡i[p¡ lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ rhL$khp_u
iê$Ap[ L$f¡ R>¡, S>¡ 25 hj® ky^u A¡L$^pfu rhL$k¡ R>¡. A¡_y¬ kp¡`pfu S>¡hXy¬$
L$]$ 25 \u 45 hj® ky^u S>mhpB fl¡ R>¡. [¡ `R>u [¡_u h©qÙ \hp_u k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ 40 \u 45 hj® ky^u [p¡ L$p¡B_¡ `Z âp¡õV¡$V$_u lepr[_p¡ L¡$ L$pdNufu_p¡ ¿epg
Aph[p¡ _\u. Äepf¡ [¡ h^¡ R>¡ A_¡ ìes¼[_¡ l¡fp_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ S> [¡_p¡ ¿epg Aph¡
R>¡. lÆ ^Zp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap N°¬r\ rhj¡ `|fu ÅZL$pfu _\u.
Alv A¡L$
hp[ kdS>hp S>¡hu R>¡ L¡$ b^p `yfyjp¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ 40-45 hj® `R>u l¡fp_ L$f[u _\u.
[¡_y¬ âdpZ [p¡ dpÓ 10 \u 15 V$L$p S> R>¡. bpL$u_p 80-85 V$L$p [p¡ âp¡õV¡$V$_u
lpS>fu_u _p¢^ gu^p hNf `p¡[p_y¬ Æh_ `|fy¬ L$f¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ [¡ 40 `R>u
`p¡[p_p¡ âcph ]¡$MpX¡$ R>¡. `f¬[y L¡$V$gpL$ k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬ blz S> Ap¡R>p qL$õkpdp¬
[¡ 25 \u 45 hÃQ¡ `Z ìes¼[_¡ l¡fp_ L$f[u lp¡e R>¡.
L$p¡B_¡
`Z õhpcprhL$ fu[¡ A¡L$ âñ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Aphu N°¬r\ Å¡ l¡fp_ S> L$f[u lp¡e [p¡ [¡_u
ifufdp¬ S>ê$f iy¬ R>¡ ? `f¬[y Ly$]$f[¡ ]$f¡L$ hp[_p¡ rhQpf L$f¡g S> lp¡e R>¡.
âp¡õV¡$V$ L¡$ S>¡_¡ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ [¡ Mf¡Mf `p¥fyj N°¬r\ R>¡.
Ap N°¬r\dp¬\u A¡L$ QuL$Zp¡ ÷ph Td¡ R>¡, S>¡ öph iy¾$pÏ_¡ `p¡jZ Ap`¡ R>¡. Ap
N°¬r\ ep¥h_ âh¡i hM[¡ S> L$pe®iug b_¡ R>¡. hue®_u A¬]$f S>¡ Ak¬¿e iy¾$S>¬[y [f[p¬
lp¡e R>¡ [¡_¡ `p¡jZ Ap`hp_y¬, [¡_p lg_Qg_dp¬ d]$]$ L$fhp_y¬, hue®_p ÆhL$p¡jp¡_¡
_hÆh_ Ap`hp_y¬ A_¡ A¡ fu[¡ Nc®^pfZpdp¬ d]$]$ L$fhp_y¬ L$pd Ap N°¬r\_p¡ öph L$f¡
R>¡ hmu, Ap ÷ph d¬]$ `X¡$ A_¡ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ _bmu `X¡$ Ðepf¡ 40-45 hj® `R>u h©Ùphõ\p
]¡$Mp ]¡$hp_y¬ iê$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap N°¬r\_¡ op_¢qÖe kp\¡ `Z k¬b¬^ R>¡. [¡\u [¡_p¡ ku^p¡
k¬b¬^ dNS> kp\¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ âp¡õV¡$V$dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ õhcph QuqX$ep¡ \B
Åe R>¡. [¡ Ap_y¬ L$pfZ S> R>¡.
gnZp¡ :
âp¡õV¡$V$_u h©rÙ \pe L¡$ [¡dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ [p¡ dy¿e[¡h _uQ¡_p¬ gnZp¡ Å¡hp dm¡
R>¡. Apdp¬ dy¿eÐh¡ `¡ipb A¬N¡_u aqfep]$p¡ Mpk Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
1. fp¡Nu_¡
hpf¬hpf d|Óâh©r[ S>hp_u MZk \pe.
2. d|Ópie
âp¡õV¡$V$_p ]$bpZ\u _p_y¬ \B Ney¬ lp¡B kl¡S> `¡ipb_p¡ cfphp¡ \[p¬ `¡ipb L$fhp S>hy¬
`X$[y¬ lp¡e R>¡.
3. `¡ipb L$f[u
hM[¡ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X¡$ R>¡. Å¡ fp¡N iê$Ap[_p¡ lp¡e [p¡ Ap¡Ry>¬ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X¡$
R>¡. Å¡ fp¡N h^y lp¡e [p¡ h^pf¡ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X¡$ R>¡.
4. ^Zu hM[ fp¡N
A¡V$gp¡ b^p¡ h^u Nep¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ `¡ipb L$f[u hM[¡ Ap¬Mdp¬ Ap¬ky Aphu Åe R>¡.
5. fp¡NuA¡ fpÓ¡
`Z `¡ipb L$fhp DW$hy¬ `X$[y¬ lp¡e R>¡. fpÓ¡ `¡ipb EW$hp_y¬ fp¡Nu_¡ `l¡gp blz
kpdpÞe gpN¡ R>¡, `f¬[y `R>u A¡ fp¡N h^[p¡ Åe R>¡. [¡\u Jdf_¡ L$pfZ¡ h^pf¡ hM[ `¡ipb
L$fhp S>hy¬ `X¡$ R>¡ [¡d dp_hp_¡ b]$g¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ R>¡ L¡$ _rl [¡ [`pk L$fphu g¡hu
Å¡BA¡.
6. fprÓ_p kde¡
gp¡lu_y¬ `qfc°dZ ^V$u S>[p¬ `¡ipb S>hp_u h©rÑ h^[u Åe R>¡.
7. `¡ipb L$f[u
hM[¡ ^Zu hpf ]y$:Mphp¡ \pe R>¡ [p¡ ^Zu hpf [ZMp Tf[p¬ lp¡e [¡hu bm[fp \pe R>¡.
8. d|Ópiedp¬
kp¡Å¡ Aphu Åe [p¡ `¡ipbdp¬ `pL$, `ê$, `k k¡ëk `Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
9. `¡ipb L$ep®
`R>u `Z d|Ópie Mpgu \[y¬ _\u. [¡dp¬ \p¡X$p¡ `¡ipb [p¡ bpL$u flu S> Äe R>¡, S>¡_¡
L$pfZ¡ Q¡` gpNhp_u k¬cph_p h^¡ R>¡.
10. ^Zu hpf `¡ipb
kp\¡ TpX$p_u [fgua `Z \[u lp¡e R>¡. âp¡õV¡$V$ dmpie ApNm h^y lp¡e [p¡ hpR|>V$
L$f[p¬ TpX$p¡ \B Åe R>¡.
11. fp¡Nu dp_rkL$
np¡c A_ych¡ R>¡. hpf¬hpf `¡ipb L$fhp S>hp_y¬ [¡_¡ Ópk]$peL$ gpN¡ R>¡.
12. âp¡õV¡$V$h©qÙ
dNS> D`f `Z Akf L$f[u lp¡B õhpcph QuqX$ep¡ \B Åe R>¡.
13. fp¡Nu_¡ fpÓ¡
hpf¬hpf EW$hy¬ `X$[y¬ lp¡B [¡_u K^ ^V$u Åe R>¡.
14. fp¡Nu_¡ dp\p_p¡
]y$:Mphp¡ iê$ \pe R>¡.
15. L¡$V$gpL$
fp¡Nudp¬ L$df_p¡ ]y$:Mphp¡ `Z Å¡hp dm[p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
16. `¡ipb S>hp_u
h©rÑ h^¡ R>¡. dm âh©rÑ Ap¡R>u \B Åe R>¡ A_¡ L$brS>ep[ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
17. fp¡Nu_¡ Mphp_u
fyrQ fl¡[u _\u. Mp¡fpL$ cph[p¡ _\u.
18. ifuf Y$ugy¬ `X$u
Åe R>¡.
19. fp¡N gp¬bp¡
Qpg¡ [p¡ L$uX$_u_u L$pe®nd[p ^V$u Åe R>¡.
20. fp¡Nu_¡ Æh_dp¬
l[pip S>Zpe R>¡.
`funZ :
fp¡Nu_¡
âp¡õV¡$V$ h©qÙ \B R>¡ L¡$ _rl A_¡ \B R>¡ [p¡ L$B q]$ipd¬ \B R>¡ [¡ S>Zphp dpV¡$
dmdpN®dp¬ b¡ Ap¬Nmu _pMu rQqL$ÐkL$ [`pk L$f¡ R>¡. [¡_y¬ L$]$ kp¡`pfu\u h^u_¡
L¡$V$gy¬ \[y¬ lp¡e R>¡, [¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡. ^Zu hpf Ap L$]$ gvby S>¡hXy¬$ \ey¬ lep¡
R>¡. lh¡ [p¡ V¡$rgõL$p¡` (Telescope) \u eyf¡\°p¡õL$p¡`u
(Urethroscopy) Üpfp
`Z fp¡N_y¬ `funZ blz õ`ô$
fu[¡ \pe R>¡.
L$pfZp¡ :
1. âp¡õV¡$V$
h©qÙ_y¬ dy¿e L$pfZ b¡W$pXy$ Æh_ dp_hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. ifuf îd_p¡ Acph, ìepepd L$fhp¡
_rl A_¡ cpf¡ Mp¡fpL$_y¬ k¡h_ L$pgpÞ[f¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ h©qÙ L$f¡ R>¡.
2. kp¥\u ANÐe_y¬
L$pfZ Å[ue Æh__u rhjd[p R>¡. rbgLy$g b°ûQe® `pmhpdp¬ Aph[y¬ lp¡e A\hp Å[ue Æh__p¡
Ar[f¡L$ \[p¡ lp¡e [p¡ Ap fp¡N \pe R>¡. rh^yf, b°ûQpfu, S>¡_u `Ð_u kp\¡ fl¡hp_y¬
Ap¡Ry>¬ b_¡ R>¡ [¡hp L$pdu `yfyjp¡_¡ Ap fp¡N rhi¡j \pe R>¡.
D`f
âp¡õV¡$V$p¡V$pBV$uk
`p¥fyj
N°¬r\dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ [¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$p¡V$pBV$uk L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap eyhp_ he¡
A_¡ dp¡V$u Jdf¡ `Z Å¡hp dm[p¡ fp¡N R>¡. Ap kp¡Å¡ \hp_y¬ dy¿e L$pfZ Qp¡½$k
âL$pf_p b¡L$V¡$qfep\u Q¡f / BÞa¡L$i_ gpN¡ A_¡ [¡dp¬ dp¡V$p âdpZdp¬ `k k¡ëk Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡. Ap kp¡Å¡dp¬\u N|dXy¬ (Abscess)\hp_u i¼e[p
`Z fl¡ R>¡.
Ap kp¡Å¡
Å¡ S>ë]$u \e¡gp¡ lp¡e (Acute)[p¡ fp¡Nu_¡ A¡L$]$d
_bmpB S>Zpe, W¬$X$u
hpe, [ph Aph¡,
`¡ipbdp¬ bm[fp A_¡ ]y$:Mphp¡ \pe, `|¬W$_p
cpNdp¬ `Z ]y$:Mphp¡ \pe A_¡ gpe bm¡,
`¡ipb AV$L$u AV$L$u_¡ Aph¡ R>¡. kpÅ¡ S|>_p¡ lp¡e [p¡ L$df, õ_pey, kp¬^p, h©jZdp¬
]y$Mphp¡ \pe R>¡ A_¡ fp¡Nu b¡Q¡_u A_ych¡ \¡.
D`Qpf :
fp¡Nu_p
D`Qpfdp¬ A¡L$ Ap¥j^p¡`Qpf ]$frdep_ fpMhp_u L$pmÆ R>¡. A_¡ Ap b¬_¡\u ape]$p¡ _ \pe
[p¡ R>¡‰¡ Ap¡`f¡i_ R>¡.
âp¡õV¡$V$
h©qÙ kpdpÞe lp¡e, iê$Ap[_u lp¡e, fp¡Nu_u BÃR>p i÷L$d®_u _ lp¡e L¡$ Ais¼[ / Jdf_¡
L$pfZ¡ iL$e _ lp¡e [¡hp fp¡Nu dpV¡$ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡_p Ap¥j^p¡`Qpf fpl[ê$` b_¡ R>¡ A_¡
fp¡Nu_¡ [fguadp¬\u bQph[p¬ lp¡e R>¡.
1. fkpe_ Q|Z®_y¬
khpf-kp¬S> 2 hpf 5-5 N°pd_u dpÓpdp¬ `pZu kp\¡ k¡h_.
2.
Ærh[â]$phV$u_u 2-2 Np¡mu, rigpÆ[ A_¡ N|Nm kfMp cpN¡ `X¡$ R>¡.
3. kpV$p¡X$u,
d¡\u, Np¡Mfy, Æh_ue h_õ`r[, Apdmp¬, Nmp¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ DL$pmp¡ L$fu khpf-kp¬S> 20-20
N°pd `php¡.
4. `y__®hp N|Nm,
rÓamp N|Nm L¡$ L$p¬Q_pf N|Nm_y¬ k¡h_ gpcL$f R>¡.
5. cp¢eApdgu_y¬
Q|Z® 5-5 N°pd g¡hp\u M|b kpfp¡ gpc \pe R>¡.
6. fp¡Nu_¡
r_erd[ Nfd `pZu_y¬ V$bbp\ g¡hy¬.
`f¡Æ L¡$ kphQ¡[u :
1. fp¡Nu_¡
k¬ed`|h®L$ h[®hy¬. Å[ue Æh_ D`f r_e¬ÓZ fpMhy¬.
2. b¡W$pXy$ Æh_
R>p¡X$u `qfîd L$fhp¡, lmhp¡ ìepepd L$fhp¡.
3. L$bÆep[ \hp
]¡$hp _rl.
4. N¡k \pe,
A`Qp¡ \pe [¡hp¡ Mp¡fpL$ g¡hp¡ _rl.
5. `¡ipb
fp¡L$hp¡ _rl.
6. ]$pê$,
rkNpf¡V$ h¡N¡f¡ ìek_ R>p¡X$hy¬.
S>¡_¡
Ais¼[ lp¡e, gp¡lu Ap¡Ry>¬ lp¡e, ù]$e fp¡N lp¡e, ðpkfp¡N lp¡e [¡_¡ i÷L$d® L$fpe _rl.
bpL$u_p kp¥_¡ i÷L$d® L$fphhpdp¬ hp¬^p¡ _\u. lh¡_p kdedp¬ i÷L$d®_u buL$ fpMhu
Mp¡V$u R>¡. `l¡gp¬_p hM[dp¬ `¡Yy$ D`f L$p`p¡ d|L$u_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$_y¬ Ap¡`f¡i_
L$fp[y¬. lh¡ [p¡ d|ÓdpN£ _mu QX$phu ^uf¡ ^uf¡ Mp¡[fu_¡, âp¡õV¡$V$_p Vy$L$X$p
L$fu_¡ i÷L$d® Üpfp âp¡õV¡$V$_¡ ]|$f L$fpe R>¡, S>¡dp¬ gp¡lu_y¬ hl¡[y¬ A_¡ h¡]$_p
b¬_¡ Ap¡R>p lp¡e R>¡. [¡\u kl¡gpB\u i¼e b_¡ R>¡.
D`f
kpfZNp¬W$ (Hernia)
kpfZNp¬W$ âQrg[
fp¡N
R>¡.
A¬N°¡Ædp¬ [¡_¡ lr_®ep
(Hernia) L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap fp¡N
Np¬W$_p õhê$`¡ ifuf D`f ìes¼[
\pe R>¡.
`f¬[y
Mf¡Mf
A¡ Np¬W$
_\u. ifuf_p¡ L$p¡B
Aheh Y$ugp¡ `X$u S>[p¬ [¡ `p¡[p_¡ õ\p_¡\u kfL$u_¡ ifuf_p blpf Aphhp âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡
ifuf D`f [¡ Np¬W$ S>¡hp¡ ApL$pf L$f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ kpfZNp¬W$ L$l¡ R>¡. kpfZNp¬W$_¡
A¬ÓS> h©qÙ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
kpfZNp¬W$_u A¡L$ rhi¡j[p lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ L$ped A¡L$ S> `qfsõ\r[dp¬ _\u fl¡[u. Å¡
[¡_y¬ h^pf¡ ]$bpZ lp¡e [p¡ [¡ dp¡V$u gpN¡, ]$bpZ ^V$u S>[p¬ _p_u gpN¡. fp¡Nu k|B
fl¡ [p¡ `pR>u A¬]$f S>[u fl¡. lp\¡\u ]$bphu A¬]$f ^L¡$gu ]¡$hpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ `Z
b¡ku Åe, Ðepf¡ blpf\u Å¡_pf_¡ gpN¡ AÐepf¡ [p¡ fp¡N_y¬ _pd r_ip_ _\u, b^y¬ bfpbf
R>¡. `pRy>¬ lfhp-afhp_y¬ b_¡ L¡$ A¬]$f_p Aheh_y¬ Å¡f h^¡ [p¡ ]¡$Mp ]¡$ - A¡hy¬
bÞep L$f¡ A_¡ Qpëep L$f¡.
Ap [p¡ \B
S>¡ blpf ]¡$Mp[u lp¡e [¡hu kpfZNp¬W$_u hp[. ifuf_u A¬]$f `Z Aphu kpfZNp¬W$ \[u
lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ blpf ]¡$Mp[u _\u. dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ Ap`Z¡ `¡Yy$dp¬ S>¡ cpN D`k¡gp¡ lp¡e
R>¡ [¡_¡ S> kpfZNp¬W$ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. `f¬[y kpfZNp¬W$_p _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ A\® \pe
R>¡. [¡hu `qfsõ\r[ r_dp®Z \pe Ðepf¡ kpfZNp¬W$ \B L$l¡hpe.
1. R>p[u, `¡V$,
h©jZ_u L$p¡\mu, QpdX$u_p¡ ^¡fphp¡ Ap b^p AgN AgN ifuf_p `p¡gpZhpmp â]¡$ip¡ R>¡.
A¡L$ â]¡$i_p Ahehp¡_p õ_peyAp¡ L¡$ Ap¬[fÐhQp buÅ â]¡$idp¬ ^|ku Åe [¡_¡ kpfZNp¬W$
L$l¡ R>¡. Apd \[p¬ Å¡ S>Áep Ap¡R>u `X¡$ [p¡ blpf_u QpdX$u D`f ]$bpZ L$fu_¡ Np¬W$
S>¡hy¬ b_ph¡ R>¡.
2. Ap¬[fX$p¬
A_¡ [¡dp¬ Mpk L$fu_¡ _p_y¬ Ap¬[fXy¬$ Äepf¡ `p¡[p_u `L$X$ Nydphu ]¡$ A_¡ Y$ugy¬ `X$u
Åe Ðepf¡ [¡ `p¡[p_p õ\p_¡\u kfL$u_¡ buÅ õ\p_dp¬ Åe R>¡. Aphy¬ Ap¬[fX$p_p D`f_u
QpdX$u dpV¡$ `Z b_¡ R>¡. Aphp kde¡ Ap Y$ugp¡ Aheh buÅ õ\p_dp¬ \B_¡ S>¡ Dcpf
`¡]$p L$f¡ [¡ kpfZNp¬W$ \B L$l¡hpe.
kpfZNp¬W$_p âL$pfp¡
kp¬â[ rhop__u Örô$_u
kpfZNp¬W$_p _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ âL$pfp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
(1) h¡ÞV²$g lr_®ep
(Ventral Hernia)
Ap âL$pf_u
kpfZNp¬W$
`¡V$
D`f Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡.
[¡ dy¿eÐh¡ _p_p¬ bpmL$p¡ A_¡ S>¡_¡ h^pf¡ `X$[u âkyr[
\e¡gu
lp¡e
[¡hu ÷uAp¡dp¬ Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡.
`¡V$_u ]$uhpg_u N|¬\Zu dS>b|[ dp¬k`¡iuAp¡ Üpfp \e¡gu lp¡e R>¡. Ap N|¬\Zu ApX$u
Dcu lp¡e R>¡. [¡ L$pfZhip[ rir\g \B S>[p¬ ]$uhpg _bmu `X$u Åe R>¡ A_¡ _p_y¬
Ap¬[fXy¬$ `¡V$_u blpf ^ku Åe Aph¡ R>¡. Ap _p_y¬ Ap[fXy¬$ `¡V$_u blpf_u k`pV$u
D`f AS>d¡fu bp¡f L¡$ guby¬ S>¡hXy¬$ ]¡$Mpe R>¡. bpmL$ M|b fX¡$, Mb| lk¡. h^pf¡ `X$[u
D^fk Mpe, bpmL$_¡ h^pf¡ `X[p TpX$p \pe L¡$ S|>_u L$bÆep[ lp¡e Ðepf¡ Aphy¬ b_¡
R>¡.lp\ hX¡$ ]$bphhp\u kpfZNp¬W$ b¡ku Åe R>¡. gp¡L$cpjpdp¬ Ap_¡ X|$V$p¡ a}ghp¡
L$l¡ R>¡. Ap X|¬$V$p D`f `|¬W$p S>¡hp¡ L$X$L$ `]$p\® d|L$u ]$bphu_p¡ `pV$p¡ bp¬^u
fpMhp\u blpf ^ku Aph[y¬ _\u. ]$frdep_ `¡V$_u ]$uhpg dS>b|[ b_u Åe [p¡ bpmL$_¡
Aphu kpfZNp¬W$ afu\u \hp_u iL$e[p fl¡[u _\u.
S>¡ ÷uAp¡_¡ hpf¬hpf L¡$
D`fpD`fu âkyr[ \[u lp¡e L¡$ kuT¡qfe_\u âkyr[ L$fphu lp¡e [¡d_u `¡V$_u q]$hpg _bmu
`X$u Åe R>¡. Aphu ÷uAp¡_¡ L$bÆep[ fl¡[u lp¡e, Å¡f\u D^fk Mphu `X$[u lp¡e L¡$
dmâh©rÑ hM[¡ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X$[y¬ lp¡e Ðepf¡ _p_y¬ Ap¬[fXy¬$ `¡V$_u blpf ^ku Aphu
AS>d¡fu bp¡f L¡$ gvby S>¡hX$p¡, blpf\u Å¡B iL$pe [¡hp¡ azgphp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap
kpfZNp¬W$ D`f `|¬W$p S>¡hp¡ L$X$L$ `]$p\® d|L$u gp¬bp¡ kde `pV$p¡ bp¬^u fpMhpdp¬
Aph¡ [p¡ Ap fp¡N dV$u Åe R>¡.
(2) HÁhpB_g lr_®ep
(Inguinal Hernia)
40-50 hj®\u
dp¡V$u
Jdf_p `yfyjp¡_¡ kp\m_p d|mdp¬ _p_y¬ Ap¬[fXy¬$
blpf ^ku Aphu kpfZNp¬W$
L$f¡ R>¡.
iê$Ap[dp¬ kpfZNp¬W$
_p_u lp¡e
R>¡,
`Z hM[ S>[p¬ [¡ dp¢kbu
S>¡hu
dp¡V$u
\B Åe R>¡. fp¡Nu k|B S>B, lp\\u ]$bphu [¡_¡ `pR>u A¬]$f ^L¡$gu iL¡$ R>¡. fp¡N_¡
h^[p¡ AV$L$phhp dpV¡$ Qpg[u hM[¡ Mpk âL$pf_p¡ `Ë$p¡ `l¡fu fpMhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.
(3) õ¾$p¡V$g
lr_®ep (Scrotai Hernia)
R>p¡L$fp¡ (Male Child) S>Þd¡ Ðepf\u
A¡L$
hj® ky^u_u Jdfdp¬ [¡_p b¬_¡ A¬X$L$p¡jp¡ (Testies)A¡_u
S>ÁepA¡-
L$p¡\mu
(Scrotum) dp¬ Aphu Åe
R>¡.
A¬X$L$p¡jp¡_p¡ `¡V$dp¬\u
L$p¡\mudp¬ Aphhp_p¡ dpN® Ap`p¡Ap`
Ly$]$f[u fu[¡ b¬^
\B Åe
R>¡.
L$p¡B
`Z L$pfZkf Ap dpN® My‰p¡ fl¡ [p¡ Ap dpN® _p_p¬ Ap¬[fX$p¬ L$p¡\mudp¬ S>B iL¡$ Ðepf¡ L$p¡\mu_p cpNdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Apìep¡ lp¡e [¡hp cpk L$f¡ R>¡. ^Zu hpf L$p¡\mu _pqfe¡m
S>¡hX$u dp¡V$u `Z \B Åe. fp¡Nu k|B_¡ lp\\u ]$bph¡ [p¡ Ap âL$pf_u kpfZNp¬W$ `pR>u
A¬]$f S>[u fl¡ R>¡.
Ap b^p S>
âL$pf_u kpfZNp¬W$_p¡ _p_p¡ azgphp¡ lpr_L$[p® _\u. `f¬[y ¾$di: [¡ h^[p¡ Åe R>¡
A_¡ Äepf¡ [¡_y¬ L$]$ dp¡Vy¬$ b_¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ [¡ lg_Qg_ A_¡ fp¡tS>]$p ìehlpf ANhX$
Ecu L$f¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ A¡L$hpf kpfZNp¬W$ Å¡hp dm¡ `R>u [¡ h^¡ _rl [¡_u Mpk L$pmÆ
fpMhu S>ê$fu R>¡.
Ap fp¡Ndp¬
A¡L$ sõ\r[ N¬cuf `Z Aph¡ R>¡, S>¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ Strangulation of Hernia L$l¡ R>¡.
AQp_L$ _p_p Ap¬[fX$p_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ cpN kpfZNp¬W$_p
R>¡]$dp¬\u
blpf ^ku Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ R>¡L$
Ap¡tQ[p¡ k¬L$p¡QpB_¡ Ap¬[fX$p_¡ Nm¡ V|¬$`p¡ Ap`¡ R>¡.
`qfZpd¡ Ap¬[fX$p_y¬ N¢N°u_
(Gangrene) \u Åe
R>¡ L¡$
Ap¬[fXy¬$
b¬^
\B Åe
R>¡.
fp¡Nu_¡
bQphu g¡hp Aphp sõ\r[dp¬ [pÐL$prgL$ S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡.
L$pfZp¡ :
kpfZNp¬W$ hpey_¡ L$pfZ¡
S> \[p¡ fp¡N R>¡. Å¡ ìes¼[ hp[âL$p¡`L$, hp[h^®L$ A_¡ Aplpfrhlpf L$f¡ [p¡ [¡_¡
lr_®ep \hp_u h^y iL$e[p fl¡ R>¡. Aphp L$pfZp¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
1. S>du_ D`f\u cpf¡ hS>_ bm`|h®L$ KQL$hy¬.
2. cpf¡ hS>_ dp\¡ d|L$u gp¬by Qpghy¬.
3. Ly$õ[u, bp¡s¼kN S>¡hu bmhpmu L$kf[p¡ L$fhu.
4. dL$p__u R>[, N¡g¡fu, TpX$ D`f\u `X$u S>hy¬.
5. M|b W¬$X$p `pZuA¡ _lphp_u V¡$h\u.
6. gp¬bp kde\u fl¡[u [uh° L$bÆep[_¡ L$pfZ¡ L$ped L$fp¬Æ_¡ dmâh©rÑ
L$fhp_¡ gB_¡.
7. dmd|Ó, hpR|>V$ S>¡hp h¡Np¡_¡ `fpZ¡ fp¡L$hp\u.
8. A¡ S> fu[¡ Ap h¡Np¡_¡ `fpZ¡ fp¡L$php\u.
9. õL|$V$f_¡ L$uL$ dpfhp S>¡hu âhq©Ñ\u.
10. hpg-hV$pZp-Qp¡mp S>¡hp hp[g `]$p\p£_y¬ Ar^L$ k¡h_ L$fhp\u.
11. hpku, hpeXy¬$, [m¡gy¬ Mphp\u.
12. AÆZ®dp¬ `Z Mhp\u.
13. N¡k L$f¡ [¡hy¬ Mphp\u.
kpfhpf :
ApNm S>Zphu
Nep [¡ âdpZ¡ lr_®ep A¡ iõÓkpÝe ìepr^ R>¡. `f¬[y Å¡ iê$Ap[_y¬ lp¡e, Å¡f Ap¡Ry>¬
lp¡e [p¡ Ap¥j^ k¡h_\u [¡ ApNm h^[y¬ AV$L¡$ R>¡, _yL$ip_ L$f[y¬ _\u A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$
k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬ ^V¡$ `Z R>¡. `l¡gp¬_p kdedp¬ Ar”L$d® `Z L$fhpdp¬ Aph[y¬ l[y¬. lr_®ep
_uQ¡ _ E[f¡ A_¡ h^y _ a¡gpe [¡ dpV¡$ `V$p¡ bp¬^hpdp¬ `Z lp¡e R>¡. lr_®ep_p
fp¡NuA¡ L$pmÆ A_¡ kpfhpf g¡hu. :
1. fp¡S> S>çep
`R>u rihpnpf `pQ__u 1-1 _p_u QdQu `pZu kp\¡ g¡hu, S>¡\u Mp¡fpL$_y¬ `pQ_ \B N¡k
\[p¡ _\u.
2.
rQÓL$pq]$hV$u 2-2 Np¡mu q]$hkdp¬ ÓZ hpf khpf-b`p¡f-kp¬S> g¡hu.
3. fpÓ¡ k|[u hM[¡
20 \u 30 N°pd Acepqfô$ g¡hy¬.
4. h©qÙbpr^[phqV$L$p_u
Np¡mu_y¬ k¡h_ L$fhy¬.
5. ApNm b[ph¡gp
L$pfZp¡ _ \hp ]¡$hp¬. ApV$gy¬ L$fhp\u kpfZNp¬W$dp¬ Mf¡Mf fpl[ fl¡ R>¡.
D`f
h^fphm (Hydrocele)
h^fphm iå]$ NyS>fp[u
cpjpdp¬ âQrg[ R>¡. Ap fp¡N dpÓ `yfyj År[ `yf[p¡ S> dep®q]$[ R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ `yfyj_p
Nyáp¬N_p¡ fp¡N R>¡. `yfyj_u d|ÓrÞÖe_u kp\¡ A¡L$ L$p¡\mu Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡. [¡dp¬ b¡
A¬X$ L$pQ_u bMp¡V$u S>¡hp ApL$pf_p fl¡gp lp¡e R>¡ L$p¡\gu kpdpÞe fu[¡ Y$ugu S>
fl¡ R>¡, S>¡\u [¡dp¬ fl¡gp A¬X$p¡ ifuf\u ]|$f fl¡. `f¬[y Äepf¡ [¡ k¬h¡]$_iug b_¡
R>¡ Ðepf¡ k¬L$p¡QpB_¡ ifuf_u _ÆL$ Aphu Åe R>¡. h^fphm Ap L$p¡\mu A_¡ A¬X$_p¡
fp¡N R>¡. k¬õL©$[dp¬ [¡_¡ h©qÙ L$l¡ R>¡. Apdp¬ A¬X$ iå]$ AÝepf fl¡ R>¡. bpL$u
[¡_y¬ _pd A¬X$h©qÙ S> lp¡e R>¡. A¬N°¡Ædp¬ [¡_¡ lpBX²$p¡kug L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap A¬X$
A_¡ L$p¡\mu `p¡[p_p dp`dp¬ A¡V$g¡ âdpZdp¬ lp¡e Ðep¬ ky^u hp¬^p¡ _rl, `f¬[y [¡dp¬
`pZu cfpe L¡$ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ A¡V$g¡ [¡ dp¡V$u \pe, [¡ a}g¡ A_¡ rhL©$r[_u iê$Ap[ \pe.
Ap fp¡Ndp¬ A¬X$ S>¡_¡ Np¡mu L¡$ h©jZ L$l¡ R>¡ [¡_u af[¡ A¡V$g¡ ApSy>bpSy> `pZu
cfpe¡gy¬ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡\mu [¬N \[p a}g¡gu gpN¡ R>¡. L$p¡\mudp¬ S>¡d S>¡d `pZu
h^y cfpe [¡d [¡d L$p¡\mu_p¡ ìep` h^[p¡ Åe. OZp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap L$p¡\mu h^[u h^[u _prfe¡m
S>¡hX$u `Z \B Ne¡gu lp¡e R>¡.
Mf¡Mf Ap
A¬X$h©qÙ _\u, L$p¡\mu_u h©qÙ R>¡. `f¬[y L¡$V$guL$ hpf buŬ L$pfZp¡_¡ gB_¡ `Z
A¬X$h©qÙ \[u lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ L$p¬BL$ hpN¡, A¬X$ D`f Ap^p[ \pe A_ A¬X$_¡ kp¡Å¡
Aphu Åe, A¬X$ a}gu Åe. [d_¡ gpN¡ L¡$ h^fphm \B `Z [¡ dpÓ A¬X$ip¡\ S> lp¡e R>¡.
kpdpÞe D`pep¡\u [¡ kp¡Å¡ b¡ku Åe R>¡. hmu Ap kp¡Ådp¬ ]y$:Mphp¡ h^y lp¡e R>¡.
hOfphmdp¬ cpÁe¡ S> kp¡Å¡ \pe R>¡. buÅ¡ A¡L$ fp¡N R>¡, Npg`Qp¡rmep Ap fp¡Ndp¬
L$p__u _uQ¡_u `pR>m_p cpNdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ R>¡. fp¡Nu_¡ dp¢ Mp¡g[p¬, b¬^ L$f[p¬ [L$gua
`X¡$ R>¡. Ap fp¡Ndp¬ `Z h©jZdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aphu Åe R>¡. kpdpÞe fu[¡ S> Npg¡ `Qp¡rZey¬
\ey¬ lp¡e [¡_p\u rhfyÙ bpSy>_p A¬X$dp¬ Aphp¡ kp¡Å¡ Aph[p¡ lp¡e R>¡. A¬X$dp¬ Ap
kp¡Å L¡$ h©qÙ _uQ¡_u ep]$u kpfhpf\u dV$u Åe R>¡.
(1) rÓamp N|Nm A_¡
L$p¬Q_pf N|Nm_u 3+3=6 Np¡mu khpf-b`p¡f¡-kp¬S> 3 hpf Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡ Nfd `pZp kp\¡
g¡hu.
(2) kp¡Å dpV¡$ ^[|fp_p¬
`p__¡ a|V$u [¡_u QV$Zu S>¡hy¬ dygped b_phu A¬X$ D`f g¡` L$fhp¡ A\hp ]$ip¬N g¡`_p¡
D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.
h^fphm_¡ dm[p¡ S> fp¡N
kpfZNp¬W$ R>¡. S>epf¡ kpfZNp¬W$ L$p¡\mudp¬ D[f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ hOfphm \hp S>¡hp¬ S>
gnZp¡ gpN¡ R>¡. Ap kpfZNp¬W$ `¡Yy$dp¬ Óp¬ku E[f¡ R>¡. Aph¡ kde¡ kpfZNp¬W$ R>¡
L¡$ hOfphm [¡ _½$u L$fhy¬ Å¡BA¡. fp¡Nu k|B Åe, Apfpd L$f¡ A_¡ `¡Yy$_¡ ]$bph¡ [p¡
kpfZNp¬W$ b¡ku S>[u lp¡e R>¡, [¡\u A¬X$h©qÙ S>[u fl¡ R>¡. fp¡Nu_u L$p¡\mu `l¡gp¬_p
S>¡hu S> \B Åe R>¡. Ap kpfZNp¬W$ R>¡. kpfZNp¬W$_u Np¬W$ _p_u dp¡V$u L¡$ hO[u
Ap¡R>u \ep L$f¡ R>¡. h^fphm_u h©qÙ S>¡d_u[¡d fl¡ R>¡. ifuf_u L$p¡B`Z `qfsõ\r[dp¬
S>¡ b]$gp[u _\u. lL$uL$[dp¬ kpfZNp¬W$ hOfphm L$f[p¬ h^y D`Öhu R>¡.
`f¬[y ^Zu
ìes¼[dp¬ kpfZNp¬W$ A_¡ hOfphm c¡Nu \pe R>¡. Ap Mfpb `qfsõ\r[ A_¡ [dp¬ i÷q¾$epAp¡
Apifp¡ g¡hp¡ S> Å¡BA¡. Ap fp¡Np¡dp¬ L$p¡\mudp¬ `pZu cfpe¡gy¬ lp¡e S> R>¡. [¡dp¬
Ap[fX$p¬_p¡ cpN kfL$u_¡ Aph¡ [p¡ fp¡Nu_u sõ\r[ N¬cuf `Z k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡. Å¡ Ap `qfsõ\r[_¡
kdekf V$pmhpdp¬ _ Aph¡ [p¡ fp¡Nu_u sõ\r[ N¬cuf \hp_u k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡.
hOfphm A¡
A¡L$ A¡hp¡ fp¡N R>¡ L¡$ [¡ Nd¡ [¡ Jdf¡ \pe R>¡. bpmL$p¡\u dp¬X$u h©Ùp¡ Aphu
T`V$dp¬ Aphu Åe R>¡. `f¬[y bpmL$p¡_¡ \[p¡ fp¡N Ap¡R>p¡ `uX$pL$pfu A_¡ _yL$ip_L$[p®
R>¡. [¡_p¡ fp¡N b¡ku A_¡ dV$u `Z Åe R>¡. `f¬[y dp¡V$u Jdf¡ \[p¡ fp¡N ^uf¡ ^uf¡
h^[p¡ S> Åe R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ Ahõ\pA¡ sõ\f \B Åe R>¡ `Z dV$hp_y¬ L¡$ Ap¡R>p¬ \hp_y¬
_pd _\u g¡[p¡.
Ap fp¡N_p¬
gnZp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.
(1) h©jZ_u L$p¡\mudp¬
`pZu cfphp\u a}g¡gu A_¡ k|S>¡gu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
(2) h©jZ_p¡ cpN
dp¡V$p¡ gpN¡ R>¡.
(3) h©jZ_p Ap h^¡gp
cpN_¡ gB_¡ A¡ cpN_y¬ hS>_ gpN¡ R>¡, A¡ cpN cpf¡ gpN¡ R>¡.
(4) h©jZ_u L$p¡\mu
M¢Qphp_¡ L$pfZ¡ [¡dp¬ kl¡S> ]y$Mphp¡ S>Zpe R>¡. Ap ]y$Mphp¡ L$ped__p¡ lp¡[
_\u.¼ep¬L$ ]¡$Mpe [p¡
S> ]y$Mphp¡ \pe R>¡.
(5) L$`X$p¬ `l¡f[p¬
L¡$ kpeL$g, õL|$V$f D`f lfhpafhp S>[p¬ hOfphm ]$bphp\u kl¡S> ]y$:M¡ R>¡ A_¡ \p¡X$u
ANhX$[p A_ycphe R>¡.
(6) Äepf¡ hOfphmdp¬
`pL$ \pe A_¡ `pZu_y¬ õ\p_ `fy g¡ [p¡ fp¡Nu dyíL¡$gu A_ych¡ R>¡.
(7) Apd [p¡ Ap
fp¡N L$`X$p¬_u _uQ¡ Y¬L$pB S>[p¡ fp¡N R>¡, `Z [¡ h^u S>[p¬ blpf R>[p¡ \B Åe R>¡.
[¡\u kdpS>dp¬ A_¡ rdÓp¡ hÃQ¡-EW$[p¬ ifd A_ych[u `X¡$ R>¡.
(8) Ap rkhpe Ap
fp¡Ndp¬ L$p¡B buÆ Mpk [L$gua `X$[u _\u.
Ap fp¡N_p
fp¡Nu_u Å[ue Æ_dp¬ rir\g[p Aph¡ R>¡. ^Zuhpf `Ð_u kp\¡ ifd-k¬L$p¡Q_¡ L$pfZ¡ `|fu
A_¡ kpfu fu[¡ Å[ue kyM cp¡Nhu iL$[p¡ _\u. Apd [p¡ k¬[p_p¡Ð`rÑ dpV¡$ h^fphm bp^L$
_\u lp¡[u. `Z Å¡ Nc®^pfZp AÞe L$pfZ¡ `Z _ \[u lp¡e [p¡ ]$p¡j hOfphm_¡ S> A`pe
R>¡.
Apd [p¡
Ap fp¡N \hp_y¬ L$pfZ ÅZdp¬ Apìey¬ _\u. R>[p¬ kpeL$g D`f b¡khp S>[p¬, kpeL$g D`f
gp¬bu khpfu L$fhp\u, `X$u S>hp\u L¡$ hpNu S>hp\u A¬X$ ^kpe, A\X$pe L¡$ ]$bpe [p¡
Aphy¬ b_hp k¬ch R>¡. Aphp k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬ h©jZ A_¡ L$p¡\mu hÃQ¡ `pZu cfpep L$f¡ R>¡.
Ap `pZu_¡ Ap¥j^\u k|L$hhy¬ L¡$ Ap¡Ry>¬ L$fhy¬ dyíL¡$g R>¡. Ap D`fp¬[ blz Ap¡R>p
qL$õkpdp¬ V$u.bu., L¡$Þkf L¡$ Q¡` gpNhp\u `Z L$p¡\mudp¬ `pZu cfpe R>¡. Apd R>[p¬
h^fphm \hp_y¬ L$p¡B Qp¡½$k L$pfZ _\u.
h^fphm_y¬
S>¡d L$p¡B Qp¡½$k L$pfZ _\u [¡¡d [¡_u L$p¡B Qp¡½$k ]$hp _\u. Apeyh£]$ rkhpe_u
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c¡Ny¬ S> _ \pe. Ap fu[¡ Ap fp¡N_u Ap^yr_L$ kpfhpf [p¡ i÷q¾$ep S> R>¡.
Ap fp¡N_p
fp¡Nu_¡ A¡L$ hp[ Ýep_dp¬ fpMhu Å¡BA¡. fp¡Nu_u S>¡hu ÅZL$pfu \pe L¡$ [f[ [¡_u [`pk
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L$fu kpfhpf iê$ L$fu ]¡$hp Å¡BA¡.
Apeyh£]$dp¬
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ape]$p¡ S>ê$f \i¡ L¡$ fp¡N Nd¡ [¡V$gp¡ hOu Nep¡ li¡ [p¡ `Z [¡ hO[p¡ AV$L$u S> S>i¡.
Aphu sõ\r[dp¬ fp¡N h^[p¡ AV$L¡$ A_¡ fp¡N_¡ \p¡X$p¡ `pR>p¡ lV$phu `qfsõ\r[dp¬
fp¡N h^[p¡ AVL¡$ A_¡ fp¡N_¡ \p¡X$p¡ `pR>p¡ lV$phu `qfsõ\r[_¡ lmhu L$f¡ [p¡ `Z ^Ϭ
R>¡. fp¡N _hp¡, Ap¡R>p¡ A_¡ lmhp¡ li¡ [p¡ S>ê$f ape]$p¡ \i¡.
iê$Ap[_p
fp¡Ndp¬ L¡$ bpmL_¡ \[u h^fphmdp¬ _uQ¡_u kpfhpf\u S> gpc \B iL¡$.
(1) fp¡Nu_¡ fpÓ¡
k|[u hM[¡ fp¡S> 10 \u 20 N°pd A¡f¬qX$ey¬ (q]$h¡g, L¡$õV$f Ap¡Bg) `phy¬.
(2) rÓamp N|Nm,
L$p¬Q_pf N|Nm, qL$ip¡m N|Nm_u 2+2+2+=6 Np¡mu khpf-kp¬S> 3 hpf Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡
Nfd `pZu kp\¡ g¡hu. fp¡S>_u 6#3=18 Np¡mu \i¡.
(3) O[|fp_p¬ `p__¡
