âp¡õV¡$V$
- lr_®ep-h^fphm
ApS>¡
Ap`Z¡ ÓZ fp¡Np¡_u A¡L$ kp\¡ ÅZL$pfu d¡mhhp_p R>uA¡. Ap fp¡N_u `ysõ[L$p dpV¡$
hpQL$p¡ [fa\u gp¬bp kde\u dpNZu l[u. Ap fp¡Np¡ A¡hp R>¡ L¡$ [¡_p\u fp¡NuAp¡ k[[
d|¬Tp[p lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ [¡_p¡ kQp¡V$ D`pe [¡_¡ S>X$[p¡ _\u lp¡[p¡. Ap ÓZ¡e ìepr^Ap¡
L$ô$kpÝe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ iê$Ap[ lp¡e [p¡ S> Ap¥j^\u kpfp \pe R>¡. [¡ S>¡d S>¡d h^[p
Åe [¡d [¡d Ap¥j^_¡ [¡ NZL$pf[p¬ b¬^ \pe R>¡ A_¡ R>¡‰¡ [¡ Ap¥j^kpÝe fl¡[p¬ _\u,
i÷kpÝe b_u Åe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ [¡_u i÷q¾$ep S> L$fphhu `X¡$ R>¡. Apd Ap ÓZ¡e fp¡N
Ap¡`f¡i_\u S> dV$_pfp R>¡, `f¬[y OZp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap¡`f¡i__p¡ X$f lp¡e R>¡. fp¡N_y¬
õ\p_ A_¡ fp¡Nu_u Ahõ\p S> A¡hu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡`f¡i_ V$pmhp_u h©r[ klS> lp¡e
R>¡. Aphp fp¡NuAp¡ Ap¡`f¡i_\u bQhp_p¡ D`pe ip¡^[p lp¡e R>¡. Aphp rdÓp¡_¡ S>Zphu
]$J L¡$ blz S|>_p \B Ne¡gp A_¡ R>¡‰u L$npA¡ `lp¢Q¡gp fp¡Np¡ r_d|®m \[p S> _\u.
[¡dp¬ A¡hy¬ b_¡ L¡$ Äep¬ ky^u ]$hp gp¡ Ðep¬ ky^u [¡ fp¡Nu_¡ l¡fp_ L$f¡ _rl,
dyíL¡$gudp¬ d|L¡$ _rl, h^[p AV$L$u Åe A_¡ gp¬b¡ Npm¡ kl¡S> Ap¡R>p `Z \pe. `f¬[y
kph [p¡ dV¡$ S> _rl.
hmu, A¡hy¬
`Z b_¡ L¡$ fp¡N A¡L$]$d h^u Åe L¡$ A¡hu L$p¡B `qfsõ\r[ Aph¡ [p¡ [pÐL$prgL$
Ap¡`f¡i_ `Z L$fphhy¬ `X¡$. A¡V$g¡ Ap¥j^_u fp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k dep®]$p R>¡. [¡\u
Å¡ i¼e lp¡e [p¡ A_yL|m[p âdpZ¡ L¡$ W¬X$u_p q]$hkp¡ Å¡B_¡ i÷q¾$ep L$fphu g¡hu. Ap
hp[ kp\¡ Apeyh£]$ `Z k¬d[ R>¡. Apeyh£]$ Ap¡`f¡i_\u rhfyÙ R>¡ [¡ dpÞe[p Mp¡V$u
A_¡ c|g cf¡gu R>¡. Apeyh£]$dp¬ [¡ kde¡ `Z kS>®fu_¡ A¡V$gy¬ S> dlÐh l[y¬, S>¡V$gy¬
ApS>¡ R>¡.
lh¡ A¡L$
buÆ hp[ `Z S>Zphu ]$J. S>¡ rdÓp¡ Ap¡`f¡i_\u buh¡ R>¡ A_¡ V$pmhp dpN¡ R>¡ [¡dZ¡
kS>®__p¡ Arcâpe d¡mhu g¡hp¡ L¡$ Ap fp¡N_y¬ Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fphhy¬ [pÐL$prgL$ S>ê$fu
[p¡ _\u _¡ ? [¡_u k¬dr[ `R>u Apeyh£]$_p¬ Ap¥j^p¡_y¬ k¡h_ L$fhy¬ A_¡ kpfy¬ gpN¡
[p¡ [¡ D`Qpf Qpgy fpMhp. `f¬[y dp_p¡ L¡$ Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fphhy¬ S> `X¡$ [¡d lp¡e [p¡
Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fphu _pMhy¬. `R>u [¡ fp¡N afu\u ]¡$Mp _ ]¡$ [¡ dpV¡$ Apeyh£]$_p
D`Qpfp¡ L$fhp, S>¡\u fp¡N afu \hp_y¬, Ecfhp_y¬ L$pfZ _ fl¡. Ap Örô$A¡ `Z Ap
D`Qpfp¡, dprl[u A_¡ dpN®]$i®_ D`ep¡Nu \i¡.
Ap ÓZ¡e
fp¡N S>¡ AkpÝe, L$ô$kpÝe, epàe A_¡ i÷kpÝe R>¡, [¡d ÓZ¡e fp¡Np¡ dpV¡$ cpN¡ `yê$jp¡_¡
S> \pe R>¡. [¡dp¬ âp¡õV¡$V$ A_¡ lpBX²$p¡kug [p¡ dpÓ `yfyjp¡dp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
Ap fu[¡ ÓZ¡e fp¡Np¡dp¬ Ap A¡L$ kpçe[p R>¡. ÓZ¡e fp¡N S>__ Ahehp¡ A_¡ d|ÓdpN® kp\¡
k¬b¬^ ^fph¡ R>¡ A_¡ X|¬$V$u_u _uQ¡_p cpNdp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
D`f S>Zph¡g
Qpf iå]$ âep¡N_p¡ kfm A\® kdÅhu ]$J. AkpÝe A¡V$g¡ Ap¥j^ âep¡N_¡ S>fp `Z dQL$ _
Ap`¡ A¡hp fp¡N L¡$ [¡\u sõ\r[. L$ô$kpÝe A¡V$k¡ M|b âeÐ_ `R>u fp¡Ndp¬ ape]$p¡ \pe
`f¬[y [¡ kp¡ V$L$p [p¡ _rl S>. fp¡N h^[p¡ AV$L¡$ A_¡ `pR>p¡ `X¡$ [¡hu sõ\r[ kÅ®e.
Aphp fp¡N L¡$ [¡hu sõ\r[. epàe A¡V$g¡ Äep¬ ky^u Ap¥j^ k¡h_ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ Ðep¬ ky^u
kpfy¬ fl¡, fpl[ fl¡, fp¡N l¡fp_ _ L$f¡. `f¬[y S>¡hy¬ Ap¥j^ k¡h_ b¬^ \pe L¡$ [f[
fp¡N `pR>p¡ ]¡$Mp ]¡$ [¡hu sõ\r[. i÷kpÝe A¡V$g¡ Ap¡`f¡i_ S> A¡L$ dpÓ S>¡_p¡
D`Qpf lp¡e [¡_p fp¡N L¡$ fp¡N_u sõ\r[.
lh¡ Ap
fp¡N_p¬ _pd A_¡ [¡¡_p¡ Ap¡R>p¡ `qfQe d¡mhuA¡. `R>u [¡_y¬ rhN[hpf hZ®_ Å¡Biy¬.
âp¡õV¡$V$_¡
Apeyh£]$dp¬ hp[pr›$gp L¡$ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ L$l¡ R>¡. [¡_y¬ õ\p_ d|Ópie A_¡
d|Ó_rgL$p_y¬ Äep¬ rdg_ lp¡e [¡_u `pk¡ `¡Yy$_p cpNdp¬ \pe R>¡. [¡dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡
[¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$pBqV$k fp¡N \ep¡ L$l¡hpe.
buÅ¡ fp¡N
[¡ lr_®ep. _pd M|b ârQg[ R>¡, S>¡_¡ kpfZNp¬W$ `Z L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. [¡ ifufdp¬
b¡ ÓZ S>ÁepA¡ [¡_p âL$pf âdpZ¡ \pe R>¡. `f¬[y dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ [¡ Ap¬[fX$p Üpfp h©jZ
L$p¡\mudp¬ E[f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ A¬ÓS> h©qÙ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
h^fphm
A¡V$g¡ lpBX²$p¡kug. S>¡_¡ h©jZ h©qÙ, A¬X$h©qÙ, S>m h©qÙ `Z L$l¡ R>¡. hfd, `pZu
cfphy¬, gp¡lu cfphy¬, Np¬W$ \hu, _k a}ghu hN¡f¡\u `Z Ap fp¡N Ap¡mMpe R>¡. Ap
fp¡Ndp¬ h©jZ_u L$p¡\mudp¬ `pZu cfpe R>¡ A_¡ _pfue¡m S>¡hu a}gu Åe R>¡.
lh¡ Ap`Z¡
]f¡L$ fp¡N_¡ AgN `qfQe d¡mhuiy¬.
D`f
âp¡õV¡$V$ : `p¥fyj
N°¬r\ : hp[próW$gp
`yfyj ifuf_p `¡Yy$dp¬ Äep¬
d|Ópie (åg¡X$f) _y¬ dp¢ Aph¡gy¬ R>¡, S>ep¬\u d|ÓdpN® iê$ \pe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ d|Ópie_¡
d|Ó_rgL$p Å¡X$pep R>¡ [¡ õ\m¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ _pd_y¬ D`p¬N Aph¡gy¬ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p¡
ApL$pf kp¡`pfu S>¡hX$p¡ lp¡e R>¡. V|¬$L$dp¬, Ap N°¬r\ d|mpie_u _ÆL$ `Z R>¡.
dmpie A_¡ âp¡õV¡$V_u hÃQ¡ dpÓ ïg¡sódL$ ÐhQp_y¬ `p[my¬ `X$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap fu[¡
âp¡õV¡$V$ dmpie (f¡L$V$d) A_¡ d|Ópie_u hÃQ¡ Aph¡gu S>¡hX$u N°¡r\ (Np¬W$) R>¡.
Ap Np¬W$
dpÓ `yfyjp¡dp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡, ÷uAp¡dp¬ _rl, A¡ [¡_u rhi¡j[p R>¡. `yfyjp¡dp¬ S>
Å¡hp dm[u lp¡hp\u Ap Np¬W$_¡ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ `Z L$l¡ R>¡. Ap N°¬r\_u buÆ `Z A¡L$
Mpk _p¢^hp S>¡hu bpb[ R>¡ L¡$ [¡ dpÓ dp_hudp¬ S> Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡, AÞe L$p¡B `Z
âpZudp¬ âp¡õV¡$V$_u Np¬W$ Asõ[Ðh ^fph[u _\u.
Ap Np¬W$
`yfyjp¡dp¬ Äepf¡ [¡ bpëephõ\p R>p¡X$u eyhp_udp¬ âh¡i[p¡ lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ rhL$khp_u
iê$Ap[ L$f¡ R>¡, S>¡ 25 hj® ky^u A¡L$^pfu rhL$k¡ R>¡. A¡_y¬ kp¡`pfu S>¡hXy¬$
L$]$ 25 \u 45 hj® ky^u S>mhpB fl¡ R>¡. [¡ `R>u [¡_u h©qÙ \hp_u k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ 40 \u 45 hj® ky^u [p¡ L$p¡B_¡ `Z âp¡õV¡$V$_u lepr[_p¡ L¡$ L$pdNufu_p¡ ¿epg
Aph[p¡ _\u. Äepf¡ [¡ h^¡ R>¡ A_¡ ìes¼[_¡ l¡fp_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ S> [¡_p¡ ¿epg Aph¡
R>¡. lÆ ^Zp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap N°¬r\ rhj¡ `|fu ÅZL$pfu _\u.
Alv A¡L$
hp[ kdS>hp S>¡hu R>¡ L¡$ b^p `yfyjp¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ 40-45 hj® `R>u l¡fp_ L$f[u _\u.
[¡_y¬ âdpZ [p¡ dpÓ 10 \u 15 V$L$p S> R>¡. bpL$u_p 80-85 V$L$p [p¡ âp¡õV¡$V$_u
lpS>fu_u _p¢^ gu^p hNf `p¡[p_y¬ Æh_ `|fy¬ L$f¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ [¡ 40 `R>u
`p¡[p_p¡ âcph ]¡$MpX¡$ R>¡. `f¬[y L¡$V$gpL$ k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬ blz S> Ap¡R>p qL$õkpdp¬
[¡ 25 \u 45 hÃQ¡ `Z ìes¼[_¡ l¡fp_ L$f[u lp¡e R>¡.
L$p¡B_¡
`Z õhpcprhL$ fu[¡ A¡L$ âñ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Aphu N°¬r\ Å¡ l¡fp_ S> L$f[u lp¡e [p¡ [¡_u
ifufdp¬ S>ê$f iy¬ R>¡ ? `f¬[y Ly$]$f[¡ ]$f¡L$ hp[_p¡ rhQpf L$f¡g S> lp¡e R>¡.
âp¡õV¡$V$ L¡$ S>¡_¡ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ [¡ Mf¡Mf `p¥fyj N°¬r\ R>¡.
Ap N°¬r\dp¬\u A¡L$ QuL$Zp¡ ÷ph Td¡ R>¡, S>¡ öph iy¾$pÏ_¡ `p¡jZ Ap`¡ R>¡. Ap
N°¬r\ ep¥h_ âh¡i hM[¡ S> L$pe®iug b_¡ R>¡. hue®_u A¬]$f S>¡ Ak¬¿e iy¾$S>¬[y [f[p¬
lp¡e R>¡ [¡_¡ `p¡jZ Ap`hp_y¬, [¡_p lg_Qg_dp¬ d]$]$ L$fhp_y¬, hue®_p ÆhL$p¡jp¡_¡
_hÆh_ Ap`hp_y¬ A_¡ A¡ fu[¡ Nc®^pfZpdp¬ d]$]$ L$fhp_y¬ L$pd Ap N°¬r\_p¡ öph L$f¡
R>¡ hmu, Ap ÷ph d¬]$ `X¡$ A_¡ `p¥fyj N°¬r\ _bmu `X¡$ Ðepf¡ 40-45 hj® `R>u h©Ùphõ\p
]¡$Mp ]¡$hp_y¬ iê$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap N°¬r\_¡ op_¢qÖe kp\¡ `Z k¬b¬^ R>¡. [¡\u [¡_p¡ ku^p¡
k¬b¬^ dNS> kp\¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ âp¡õV¡$V$dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ õhcph QuqX$ep¡ \B
Åe R>¡. [¡ Ap_y¬ L$pfZ S> R>¡.
gnZp¡ :
âp¡õV¡$V$_u h©rÙ \pe L¡$ [¡dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ [p¡ dy¿e[¡h _uQ¡_p¬ gnZp¡ Å¡hp dm¡
R>¡. Apdp¬ dy¿eÐh¡ `¡ipb A¬N¡_u aqfep]$p¡ Mpk Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
1. fp¡Nu_¡
hpf¬hpf d|Óâh©r[ S>hp_u MZk \pe.
2. d|Ópie
âp¡õV¡$V$_p ]$bpZ\u _p_y¬ \B Ney¬ lp¡B kl¡S> `¡ipb_p¡ cfphp¡ \[p¬ `¡ipb L$fhp S>hy¬
`X$[y¬ lp¡e R>¡.
3. `¡ipb L$f[u
hM[¡ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X¡$ R>¡. Å¡ fp¡N iê$Ap[_p¡ lp¡e [p¡ Ap¡Ry>¬ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X¡$
R>¡. Å¡ fp¡N h^y lp¡e [p¡ h^pf¡ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X¡$ R>¡.
4. ^Zu hM[ fp¡N
A¡V$gp¡ b^p¡ h^u Nep¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ `¡ipb L$f[u hM[¡ Ap¬Mdp¬ Ap¬ky Aphu Åe R>¡.
5. fp¡NuA¡ fpÓ¡
`Z `¡ipb L$fhp DW$hy¬ `X$[y¬ lp¡e R>¡. fpÓ¡ `¡ipb EW$hp_y¬ fp¡Nu_¡ `l¡gp blz
kpdpÞe gpN¡ R>¡, `f¬[y `R>u A¡ fp¡N h^[p¡ Åe R>¡. [¡\u Jdf_¡ L$pfZ¡ h^pf¡ hM[ `¡ipb
L$fhp S>hy¬ `X¡$ R>¡ [¡d dp_hp_¡ b]$g¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ R>¡ L¡$ _rl [¡ [`pk L$fphu g¡hu
Å¡BA¡.
6. fprÓ_p kde¡
gp¡lu_y¬ `qfc°dZ ^V$u S>[p¬ `¡ipb S>hp_u h©rÑ h^[u Åe R>¡.
7. `¡ipb L$f[u
hM[¡ ^Zu hpf ]y$:Mphp¡ \pe R>¡ [p¡ ^Zu hpf [ZMp Tf[p¬ lp¡e [¡hu bm[fp \pe R>¡.
8. d|Ópiedp¬
kp¡Å¡ Aphu Åe [p¡ `¡ipbdp¬ `pL$, `ê$, `k k¡ëk `Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
9. `¡ipb L$ep®
`R>u `Z d|Ópie Mpgu \[y¬ _\u. [¡dp¬ \p¡X$p¡ `¡ipb [p¡ bpL$u flu S> Äe R>¡, S>¡_¡
L$pfZ¡ Q¡` gpNhp_u k¬cph_p h^¡ R>¡.
10. ^Zu hpf `¡ipb
kp\¡ TpX$p_u [fgua `Z \[u lp¡e R>¡. âp¡õV¡$V$ dmpie ApNm h^y lp¡e [p¡ hpR|>V$
L$f[p¬ TpX$p¡ \B Åe R>¡.
11. fp¡Nu dp_rkL$
np¡c A_ych¡ R>¡. hpf¬hpf `¡ipb L$fhp S>hp_y¬ [¡_¡ Ópk]$peL$ gpN¡ R>¡.
12. âp¡õV¡$V$h©qÙ
dNS> D`f `Z Akf L$f[u lp¡B õhpcph QuqX$ep¡ \B Åe R>¡.
13. fp¡Nu_¡ fpÓ¡
hpf¬hpf EW$hy¬ `X$[y¬ lp¡B [¡_u K^ ^V$u Åe R>¡.
14. fp¡Nu_¡ dp\p_p¡
]y$:Mphp¡ iê$ \pe R>¡.
15. L¡$V$gpL$
fp¡Nudp¬ L$df_p¡ ]y$:Mphp¡ `Z Å¡hp dm[p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
16. `¡ipb S>hp_u
h©rÑ h^¡ R>¡. dm âh©rÑ Ap¡R>u \B Åe R>¡ A_¡ L$brS>ep[ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
17. fp¡Nu_¡ Mphp_u
fyrQ fl¡[u _\u. Mp¡fpL$ cph[p¡ _\u.
18. ifuf Y$ugy¬ `X$u
Åe R>¡.
19. fp¡N gp¬bp¡
Qpg¡ [p¡ L$uX$_u_u L$pe®nd[p ^V$u Åe R>¡.
20. fp¡Nu_¡ Æh_dp¬
l[pip S>Zpe R>¡.
`funZ :
fp¡Nu_¡
âp¡õV¡$V$ h©qÙ \B R>¡ L¡$ _rl A_¡ \B R>¡ [p¡ L$B q]$ipd¬ \B R>¡ [¡ S>Zphp dpV¡$
dmdpN®dp¬ b¡ Ap¬Nmu _pMu rQqL$ÐkL$ [`pk L$f¡ R>¡. [¡_y¬ L$]$ kp¡`pfu\u h^u_¡
L¡$V$gy¬ \[y¬ lp¡e R>¡, [¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡. ^Zu hpf Ap L$]$ gvby S>¡hXy¬$ \ey¬ lep¡
R>¡. lh¡ [p¡ V¡$rgõL$p¡` (Telescope) \u eyf¡\°p¡õL$p¡`u
(Urethroscopy) Üpfp
`Z fp¡N_y¬ `funZ blz õ`ô$
fu[¡ \pe R>¡.
L$pfZp¡ :
1. âp¡õV¡$V$
h©qÙ_y¬ dy¿e L$pfZ b¡W$pXy$ Æh_ dp_hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. ifuf îd_p¡ Acph, ìepepd L$fhp¡
_rl A_¡ cpf¡ Mp¡fpL$_y¬ k¡h_ L$pgpÞ[f¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ h©qÙ L$f¡ R>¡.
2. kp¥\u ANÐe_y¬
L$pfZ Å[ue Æh__u rhjd[p R>¡. rbgLy$g b°ûQe® `pmhpdp¬ Aph[y¬ lp¡e A\hp Å[ue Æh__p¡
Ar[f¡L$ \[p¡ lp¡e [p¡ Ap fp¡N \pe R>¡. rh^yf, b°ûQpfu, S>¡_u `Ð_u kp\¡ fl¡hp_y¬
Ap¡Ry>¬ b_¡ R>¡ [¡hp L$pdu `yfyjp¡_¡ Ap fp¡N rhi¡j \pe R>¡.
D`f
âp¡õV¡$V$p¡V$pBV$uk
`p¥fyj
N°¬r\dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ [¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$p¡V$pBV$uk L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap eyhp_ he¡
A_¡ dp¡V$u Jdf¡ `Z Å¡hp dm[p¡ fp¡N R>¡. Ap kp¡Å¡ \hp_y¬ dy¿e L$pfZ Qp¡½$k
âL$pf_p b¡L$V¡$qfep\u Q¡f / BÞa¡L$i_ gpN¡ A_¡ [¡dp¬ dp¡V$p âdpZdp¬ `k k¡ëk Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡. Ap kp¡Å¡dp¬\u N|dXy¬ (Abscess)\hp_u i¼e[p
`Z fl¡ R>¡.
Ap kp¡Å¡
Å¡ S>ë]$u \e¡gp¡ lp¡e (Acute)[p¡ fp¡Nu_¡ A¡L$]$d
_bmpB S>Zpe, W¬$X$u
hpe, [ph Aph¡,
`¡ipbdp¬ bm[fp A_¡ ]y$:Mphp¡ \pe, `|¬W$_p
cpNdp¬ `Z ]y$:Mphp¡ \pe A_¡ gpe bm¡,
`¡ipb AV$L$u AV$L$u_¡ Aph¡ R>¡. kpÅ¡ S|>_p¡ lp¡e [p¡ L$df, õ_pey, kp¬^p, h©jZdp¬
]y$Mphp¡ \pe R>¡ A_¡ fp¡Nu b¡Q¡_u A_ych¡ \¡.
D`Qpf :
fp¡Nu_p
D`Qpfdp¬ A¡L$ Ap¥j^p¡`Qpf ]$frdep_ fpMhp_u L$pmÆ R>¡. A_¡ Ap b¬_¡\u ape]$p¡ _ \pe
[p¡ R>¡‰¡ Ap¡`f¡i_ R>¡.
âp¡õV¡$V$
h©qÙ kpdpÞe lp¡e, iê$Ap[_u lp¡e, fp¡Nu_u BÃR>p i÷L$d®_u _ lp¡e L¡$ Ais¼[ / Jdf_¡
L$pfZ¡ iL$e _ lp¡e [¡hp fp¡Nu dpV¡$ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡_p Ap¥j^p¡`Qpf fpl[ê$` b_¡ R>¡ A_¡
fp¡Nu_¡ [fguadp¬\u bQph[p¬ lp¡e R>¡.
1. fkpe_ Q|Z®_y¬
khpf-kp¬S> 2 hpf 5-5 N°pd_u dpÓpdp¬ `pZu kp\¡ k¡h_.
2.
Ærh[â]$phV$u_u 2-2 Np¡mu, rigpÆ[ A_¡ N|Nm kfMp cpN¡ `X¡$ R>¡.
3. kpV$p¡X$u,
d¡\u, Np¡Mfy, Æh_ue h_õ`r[, Apdmp¬, Nmp¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ DL$pmp¡ L$fu khpf-kp¬S> 20-20
N°pd `php¡.
4. `y__®hp N|Nm,
rÓamp N|Nm L¡$ L$p¬Q_pf N|Nm_y¬ k¡h_ gpcL$f R>¡.
5. cp¢eApdgu_y¬
Q|Z® 5-5 N°pd g¡hp\u M|b kpfp¡ gpc \pe R>¡.
6. fp¡Nu_¡
r_erd[ Nfd `pZu_y¬ V$bbp\ g¡hy¬.
`f¡Æ L¡$ kphQ¡[u :
1. fp¡Nu_¡
k¬ed`|h®L$ h[®hy¬. Å[ue Æh_ D`f r_e¬ÓZ fpMhy¬.
2. b¡W$pXy$ Æh_
R>p¡X$u `qfîd L$fhp¡, lmhp¡ ìepepd L$fhp¡.
3. L$bÆep[ \hp
]¡$hp _rl.
4. N¡k \pe,
A`Qp¡ \pe [¡hp¡ Mp¡fpL$ g¡hp¡ _rl.
5. `¡ipb
fp¡L$hp¡ _rl.
6. ]$pê$,
rkNpf¡V$ h¡N¡f¡ ìek_ R>p¡X$hy¬.
S>¡_¡
Ais¼[ lp¡e, gp¡lu Ap¡Ry>¬ lp¡e, ù]$e fp¡N lp¡e, ðpkfp¡N lp¡e [¡_¡ i÷L$d® L$fpe _rl.
bpL$u_p kp¥_¡ i÷L$d® L$fphhpdp¬ hp¬^p¡ _\u. lh¡_p kdedp¬ i÷L$d®_u buL$ fpMhu
Mp¡V$u R>¡. `l¡gp¬_p hM[dp¬ `¡Yy$ D`f L$p`p¡ d|L$u_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$_y¬ Ap¡`f¡i_
L$fp[y¬. lh¡ [p¡ d|ÓdpN£ _mu QX$phu ^uf¡ ^uf¡ Mp¡[fu_¡, âp¡õV¡$V$_p Vy$L$X$p
L$fu_¡ i÷L$d® Üpfp âp¡õV¡$V$_¡ ]|$f L$fpe R>¡, S>¡dp¬ gp¡lu_y¬ hl¡[y¬ A_¡ h¡]$_p
b¬_¡ Ap¡R>p lp¡e R>¡. [¡\u kl¡gpB\u i¼e b_¡ R>¡.
D`f
kpfZNp¬W$ (Hernia)
kpfZNp¬W$ âQrg[
fp¡N
R>¡.
A¬N°¡Ædp¬ [¡_¡ lr_®ep
(Hernia) L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap fp¡N
Np¬W$_p õhê$`¡ ifuf D`f ìes¼[
\pe R>¡.
`f¬[y
Mf¡Mf
A¡ Np¬W$
_\u. ifuf_p¡ L$p¡B
Aheh Y$ugp¡ `X$u S>[p¬ [¡ `p¡[p_¡ õ\p_¡\u kfL$u_¡ ifuf_p blpf Aphhp âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡
ifuf D`f [¡ Np¬W$ S>¡hp¡ ApL$pf L$f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ kpfZNp¬W$ L$l¡ R>¡. kpfZNp¬W$_¡
A¬ÓS> h©qÙ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
kpfZNp¬W$_u A¡L$ rhi¡j[p lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ L$ped A¡L$ S> `qfsõ\r[dp¬ _\u fl¡[u. Å¡
[¡_y¬ h^pf¡ ]$bpZ lp¡e [p¡ [¡ dp¡V$u gpN¡, ]$bpZ ^V$u S>[p¬ _p_u gpN¡. fp¡Nu k|B
fl¡ [p¡ `pR>u A¬]$f S>[u fl¡. lp\¡\u ]$bphu A¬]$f ^L¡$gu ]¡$hpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ `Z
b¡ku Åe, Ðepf¡ blpf\u Å¡_pf_¡ gpN¡ AÐepf¡ [p¡ fp¡N_y¬ _pd r_ip_ _\u, b^y¬ bfpbf
R>¡. `pRy>¬ lfhp-afhp_y¬ b_¡ L¡$ A¬]$f_p Aheh_y¬ Å¡f h^¡ [p¡ ]¡$Mp ]¡$ - A¡hy¬
bÞep L$f¡ A_¡ Qpëep L$f¡.
Ap [p¡ \B
S>¡ blpf ]¡$Mp[u lp¡e [¡hu kpfZNp¬W$_u hp[. ifuf_u A¬]$f `Z Aphu kpfZNp¬W$ \[u
lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ blpf ]¡$Mp[u _\u. dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ Ap`Z¡ `¡Yy$dp¬ S>¡ cpN D`k¡gp¡ lp¡e
R>¡ [¡_¡ S> kpfZNp¬W$ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. `f¬[y kpfZNp¬W$_p _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ A\® \pe
R>¡. [¡hu `qfsõ\r[ r_dp®Z \pe Ðepf¡ kpfZNp¬W$ \B L$l¡hpe.
1. R>p[u, `¡V$,
h©jZ_u L$p¡\mu, QpdX$u_p¡ ^¡fphp¡ Ap b^p AgN AgN ifuf_p `p¡gpZhpmp â]¡$ip¡ R>¡.
A¡L$ â]¡$i_p Ahehp¡_p õ_peyAp¡ L¡$ Ap¬[fÐhQp buÅ â]¡$idp¬ ^|ku Åe [¡_¡ kpfZNp¬W$
L$l¡ R>¡. Apd \[p¬ Å¡ S>Áep Ap¡R>u `X¡$ [p¡ blpf_u QpdX$u D`f ]$bpZ L$fu_¡ Np¬W$
S>¡hy¬ b_ph¡ R>¡.
2. Ap¬[fX$p¬
A_¡ [¡dp¬ Mpk L$fu_¡ _p_y¬ Ap¬[fXy¬$ Äepf¡ `p¡[p_u `L$X$ Nydphu ]¡$ A_¡ Y$ugy¬ `X$u
Åe Ðepf¡ [¡ `p¡[p_p õ\p_¡\u kfL$u_¡ buÅ õ\p_dp¬ Åe R>¡. Aphy¬ Ap¬[fX$p_p D`f_u
QpdX$u dpV¡$ `Z b_¡ R>¡. Aphp kde¡ Ap Y$ugp¡ Aheh buÅ õ\p_dp¬ \B_¡ S>¡ Dcpf
`¡]$p L$f¡ [¡ kpfZNp¬W$ \B L$l¡hpe.
kpfZNp¬W$_p âL$pfp¡
kp¬â[ rhop__u Örô$_u
kpfZNp¬W$_p _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ âL$pfp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
(1) h¡ÞV²$g lr_®ep
(Ventral Hernia)
Ap âL$pf_u
kpfZNp¬W$
`¡V$
D`f Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡.
[¡ dy¿eÐh¡ _p_p¬ bpmL$p¡ A_¡ S>¡_¡ h^pf¡ `X$[u âkyr[
\e¡gu
lp¡e
[¡hu ÷uAp¡dp¬ Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡.
`¡V$_u ]$uhpg_u N|¬\Zu dS>b|[ dp¬k`¡iuAp¡ Üpfp \e¡gu lp¡e R>¡. Ap N|¬\Zu ApX$u
Dcu lp¡e R>¡. [¡ L$pfZhip[ rir\g \B S>[p¬ ]$uhpg _bmu `X$u Åe R>¡ A_¡ _p_y¬
Ap¬[fXy¬$ `¡V$_u blpf ^ku Åe Aph¡ R>¡. Ap _p_y¬ Ap[fXy¬$ `¡V$_u blpf_u k`pV$u
D`f AS>d¡fu bp¡f L¡$ guby¬ S>¡hXy¬$ ]¡$Mpe R>¡. bpmL$ M|b fX¡$, Mb| lk¡. h^pf¡ `X$[u
D^fk Mpe, bpmL$_¡ h^pf¡ `X[p TpX$p \pe L¡$ S|>_u L$bÆep[ lp¡e Ðepf¡ Aphy¬ b_¡
R>¡.lp\ hX¡$ ]$bphhp\u kpfZNp¬W$ b¡ku Åe R>¡. gp¡L$cpjpdp¬ Ap_¡ X|$V$p¡ a}ghp¡
L$l¡ R>¡. Ap X|¬$V$p D`f `|¬W$p S>¡hp¡ L$X$L$ `]$p\® d|L$u ]$bphu_p¡ `pV$p¡ bp¬^u
fpMhp\u blpf ^ku Aph[y¬ _\u. ]$frdep_ `¡V$_u ]$uhpg dS>b|[ b_u Åe [p¡ bpmL$_¡
Aphu kpfZNp¬W$ afu\u \hp_u iL$e[p fl¡[u _\u.
S>¡ ÷uAp¡_¡ hpf¬hpf L¡$
D`fpD`fu âkyr[ \[u lp¡e L¡$ kuT¡qfe_\u âkyr[ L$fphu lp¡e [¡d_u `¡V$_u q]$hpg _bmu
`X$u Åe R>¡. Aphu ÷uAp¡_¡ L$bÆep[ fl¡[u lp¡e, Å¡f\u D^fk Mphu `X$[u lp¡e L¡$
dmâh©rÑ hM[¡ Å¡f L$fhy¬ `X$[y¬ lp¡e Ðepf¡ _p_y¬ Ap¬[fXy¬$ `¡V$_u blpf ^ku Aphu
AS>d¡fu bp¡f L¡$ gvby S>¡hX$p¡, blpf\u Å¡B iL$pe [¡hp¡ azgphp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap
kpfZNp¬W$ D`f `|¬W$p S>¡hp¡ L$X$L$ `]$p\® d|L$u gp¬bp¡ kde `pV$p¡ bp¬^u fpMhpdp¬
Aph¡ [p¡ Ap fp¡N dV$u Åe R>¡.
(2) HÁhpB_g lr_®ep
(Inguinal Hernia)
40-50 hj®\u
dp¡V$u
Jdf_p `yfyjp¡_¡ kp\m_p d|mdp¬ _p_y¬ Ap¬[fXy¬$
blpf ^ku Aphu kpfZNp¬W$
L$f¡ R>¡.
iê$Ap[dp¬ kpfZNp¬W$
_p_u lp¡e
R>¡,
`Z hM[ S>[p¬ [¡ dp¢kbu
S>¡hu
dp¡V$u
\B Åe R>¡. fp¡Nu k|B S>B, lp\\u ]$bphu [¡_¡ `pR>u A¬]$f ^L¡$gu iL¡$ R>¡. fp¡N_¡
h^[p¡ AV$L$phhp dpV¡$ Qpg[u hM[¡ Mpk âL$pf_p¡ `Ë$p¡ `l¡fu fpMhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.
(3) õ¾$p¡V$g
lr_®ep (Scrotai Hernia)
R>p¡L$fp¡ (Male Child) S>Þd¡ Ðepf\u
A¡L$
hj® ky^u_u Jdfdp¬ [¡_p b¬_¡ A¬X$L$p¡jp¡ (Testies)A¡_u
S>ÁepA¡-
L$p¡\mu
(Scrotum) dp¬ Aphu Åe
R>¡.
A¬X$L$p¡jp¡_p¡ `¡V$dp¬\u
L$p¡\mudp¬ Aphhp_p¡ dpN® Ap`p¡Ap`
Ly$]$f[u fu[¡ b¬^
\B Åe
R>¡.
L$p¡B
`Z L$pfZkf Ap dpN® My‰p¡ fl¡ [p¡ Ap dpN® _p_p¬ Ap¬[fX$p¬ L$p¡\mudp¬ S>B iL¡$ Ðepf¡ L$p¡\mu_p cpNdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Apìep¡ lp¡e [¡hp cpk L$f¡ R>¡. ^Zu hpf L$p¡\mu _pqfe¡m
S>¡hX$u dp¡V$u `Z \B Åe. fp¡Nu k|B_¡ lp\\u ]$bph¡ [p¡ Ap âL$pf_u kpfZNp¬W$ `pR>u
A¬]$f S>[u fl¡ R>¡.
Ap b^p S>
âL$pf_u kpfZNp¬W$_p¡ _p_p¡ azgphp¡ lpr_L$[p® _\u. `f¬[y ¾$di: [¡ h^[p¡ Åe R>¡
A_¡ Äepf¡ [¡_y¬ L$]$ dp¡Vy¬$ b_¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ [¡ lg_Qg_ A_¡ fp¡tS>]$p ìehlpf ANhX$
Ecu L$f¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ A¡L$hpf kpfZNp¬W$ Å¡hp dm¡ `R>u [¡ h^¡ _rl [¡_u Mpk L$pmÆ
fpMhu S>ê$fu R>¡.
Ap fp¡Ndp¬
A¡L$ sõ\r[ N¬cuf `Z Aph¡ R>¡, S>¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ Strangulation of Hernia L$l¡ R>¡.
AQp_L$ _p_p Ap¬[fX$p_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ cpN kpfZNp¬W$_p
R>¡]$dp¬\u
blpf ^ku Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ R>¡L$
Ap¡tQ[p¡ k¬L$p¡QpB_¡ Ap¬[fX$p_¡ Nm¡ V|¬$`p¡ Ap`¡ R>¡.
`qfZpd¡ Ap¬[fX$p_y¬ N¢N°u_
(Gangrene) \u Åe
R>¡ L¡$
Ap¬[fXy¬$
b¬^
\B Åe
R>¡.
fp¡Nu_¡
bQphu g¡hp Aphp sõ\r[dp¬ [pÐL$prgL$ S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡.
L$pfZp¡ :
kpfZNp¬W$ hpey_¡ L$pfZ¡
S> \[p¡ fp¡N R>¡. Å¡ ìes¼[ hp[âL$p¡`L$, hp[h^®L$ A_¡ Aplpfrhlpf L$f¡ [p¡ [¡_¡
lr_®ep \hp_u h^y iL$e[p fl¡ R>¡. Aphp L$pfZp¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
1. S>du_ D`f\u cpf¡ hS>_ bm`|h®L$ KQL$hy¬.
2. cpf¡ hS>_ dp\¡ d|L$u gp¬by Qpghy¬.
3. Ly$õ[u, bp¡s¼kN S>¡hu bmhpmu L$kf[p¡ L$fhu.
4. dL$p__u R>[, N¡g¡fu, TpX$ D`f\u `X$u S>hy¬.
5. M|b W¬$X$p `pZuA¡ _lphp_u V¡$h\u.
6. gp¬bp kde\u fl¡[u [uh° L$bÆep[_¡ L$pfZ¡ L$ped L$fp¬Æ_¡ dmâh©rÑ
L$fhp_¡ gB_¡.
7. dmd|Ó, hpR|>V$ S>¡hp h¡Np¡_¡ `fpZ¡ fp¡L$hp\u.
8. A¡ S> fu[¡ Ap h¡Np¡_¡ `fpZ¡ fp¡L$php\u.
9. õL|$V$f_¡ L$uL$ dpfhp S>¡hu âhq©Ñ\u.
10. hpg-hV$pZp-Qp¡mp S>¡hp hp[g `]$p\p£_y¬ Ar^L$ k¡h_ L$fhp\u.
11. hpku, hpeXy¬$, [m¡gy¬ Mphp\u.
12. AÆZ®dp¬ `Z Mhp\u.
13. N¡k L$f¡ [¡hy¬ Mphp\u.
kpfhpf :
ApNm S>Zphu
Nep [¡ âdpZ¡ lr_®ep A¡ iõÓkpÝe ìepr^ R>¡. `f¬[y Å¡ iê$Ap[_y¬ lp¡e, Å¡f Ap¡Ry>¬
lp¡e [p¡ Ap¥j^ k¡h_\u [¡ ApNm h^[y¬ AV$L¡$ R>¡, _yL$ip_ L$f[y¬ _\u A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$
k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬ ^V¡$ `Z R>¡. `l¡gp¬_p kdedp¬ Ar”L$d® `Z L$fhpdp¬ Aph[y¬ l[y¬. lr_®ep
_uQ¡ _ E[f¡ A_¡ h^y _ a¡gpe [¡ dpV¡$ `V$p¡ bp¬^hpdp¬ `Z lp¡e R>¡. lr_®ep_p
fp¡NuA¡ L$pmÆ A_¡ kpfhpf g¡hu. :
1. fp¡S> S>çep
`R>u rihpnpf `pQ__u 1-1 _p_u QdQu `pZu kp\¡ g¡hu, S>¡\u Mp¡fpL$_y¬ `pQ_ \B N¡k
\[p¡ _\u.
2.
rQÓL$pq]$hV$u 2-2 Np¡mu q]$hkdp¬ ÓZ hpf khpf-b`p¡f-kp¬S> g¡hu.
3. fpÓ¡ k|[u hM[¡
20 \u 30 N°pd Acepqfô$ g¡hy¬.
4. h©qÙbpr^[phqV$L$p_u
Np¡mu_y¬ k¡h_ L$fhy¬.
5. ApNm b[ph¡gp
L$pfZp¡ _ \hp ]¡$hp¬. ApV$gy¬ L$fhp\u kpfZNp¬W$dp¬ Mf¡Mf fpl[ fl¡ R>¡.
D`f
h^fphm (Hydrocele)
h^fphm iå]$ NyS>fp[u
cpjpdp¬ âQrg[ R>¡. Ap fp¡N dpÓ `yfyj År[ `yf[p¡ S> dep®q]$[ R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ `yfyj_p
Nyáp¬N_p¡ fp¡N R>¡. `yfyj_u d|ÓrÞÖe_u kp\¡ A¡L$ L$p¡\mu Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡. [¡dp¬ b¡
A¬X$ L$pQ_u bMp¡V$u S>¡hp ApL$pf_p fl¡gp lp¡e R>¡ L$p¡\gu kpdpÞe fu[¡ Y$ugu S>
fl¡ R>¡, S>¡\u [¡dp¬ fl¡gp A¬X$p¡ ifuf\u ]|$f fl¡. `f¬[y Äepf¡ [¡ k¬h¡]$_iug b_¡
R>¡ Ðepf¡ k¬L$p¡QpB_¡ ifuf_u _ÆL$ Aphu Åe R>¡. h^fphm Ap L$p¡\mu A_¡ A¬X$_p¡
fp¡N R>¡. k¬õL©$[dp¬ [¡_¡ h©qÙ L$l¡ R>¡. Apdp¬ A¬X$ iå]$ AÝepf fl¡ R>¡. bpL$u
[¡_y¬ _pd A¬X$h©qÙ S> lp¡e R>¡. A¬N°¡Ædp¬ [¡_¡ lpBX²$p¡kug L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap A¬X$
A_¡ L$p¡\mu `p¡[p_p dp`dp¬ A¡V$g¡ âdpZdp¬ lp¡e Ðep¬ ky^u hp¬^p¡ _rl, `f¬[y [¡dp¬
`pZu cfpe L¡$ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ A¡V$g¡ [¡ dp¡V$u \pe, [¡ a}g¡ A_¡ rhL©$r[_u iê$Ap[ \pe.
Ap fp¡Ndp¬ A¬X$ S>¡_¡ Np¡mu L¡$ h©jZ L$l¡ R>¡ [¡_u af[¡ A¡V$g¡ ApSy>bpSy> `pZu
cfpe¡gy¬ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡\mu [¬N \[p a}g¡gu gpN¡ R>¡. L$p¡\mudp¬ S>¡d S>¡d `pZu
h^y cfpe [¡d [¡d L$p¡\mu_p¡ ìep` h^[p¡ Åe. OZp gp¡L$p¡_¡ Ap L$p¡\mu h^[u h^[u _prfe¡m
S>¡hX$u `Z \B Ne¡gu lp¡e R>¡.
Mf¡Mf Ap
A¬X$h©qÙ _\u, L$p¡\mu_u h©qÙ R>¡. `f¬[y L¡$V$guL$ hpf buŬ L$pfZp¡_¡ gB_¡ `Z
A¬X$h©qÙ \[u lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ L$p¬BL$ hpN¡, A¬X$ D`f Ap^p[ \pe A_ A¬X$_¡ kp¡Å¡
Aphu Åe, A¬X$ a}gu Åe. [d_¡ gpN¡ L¡$ h^fphm \B `Z [¡ dpÓ A¬X$ip¡\ S> lp¡e R>¡.
kpdpÞe D`pep¡\u [¡ kp¡Å¡ b¡ku Åe R>¡. hmu Ap kp¡Ådp¬ ]y$:Mphp¡ h^y lp¡e R>¡.
hOfphmdp¬ cpÁe¡ S> kp¡Å¡ \pe R>¡. buÅ¡ A¡L$ fp¡N R>¡, Npg`Qp¡rmep Ap fp¡Ndp¬
L$p__u _uQ¡_u `pR>m_p cpNdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ R>¡. fp¡Nu_¡ dp¢ Mp¡g[p¬, b¬^ L$f[p¬ [L$gua
`X¡$ R>¡. Ap fp¡Ndp¬ `Z h©jZdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aphu Åe R>¡. kpdpÞe fu[¡ S> Npg¡ `Qp¡rZey¬
\ey¬ lp¡e [¡_p\u rhfyÙ bpSy>_p A¬X$dp¬ Aphp¡ kp¡Å¡ Aph[p¡ lp¡e R>¡. A¬X$dp¬ Ap
kp¡Å L¡$ h©qÙ _uQ¡_u ep]$u kpfhpf\u dV$u Åe R>¡.
(1) rÓamp N|Nm A_¡
L$p¬Q_pf N|Nm_u 3+3=6 Np¡mu khpf-b`p¡f¡-kp¬S> 3 hpf Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡ Nfd `pZp kp\¡
g¡hu.
(2) kp¡Å dpV¡$ ^[|fp_p¬
`p__¡ a|V$u [¡_u QV$Zu S>¡hy¬ dygped b_phu A¬X$ D`f g¡` L$fhp¡ A\hp ]$ip¬N g¡`_p¡
D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.
h^fphm_¡ dm[p¡ S> fp¡N
kpfZNp¬W$ R>¡. S>epf¡ kpfZNp¬W$ L$p¡\mudp¬ D[f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ hOfphm \hp S>¡hp¬ S>
gnZp¡ gpN¡ R>¡. Ap kpfZNp¬W$ `¡Yy$dp¬ Óp¬ku E[f¡ R>¡. Aph¡ kde¡ kpfZNp¬W$ R>¡
L¡$ hOfphm [¡ _½$u L$fhy¬ Å¡BA¡. fp¡Nu k|B Åe, Apfpd L$f¡ A_¡ `¡Yy$_¡ ]$bph¡ [p¡
kpfZNp¬W$ b¡ku S>[u lp¡e R>¡, [¡\u A¬X$h©qÙ S>[u fl¡ R>¡. fp¡Nu_u L$p¡\mu `l¡gp¬_p
S>¡hu S> \B Åe R>¡. Ap kpfZNp¬W$ R>¡. kpfZNp¬W$_u Np¬W$ _p_u dp¡V$u L¡$ hO[u
Ap¡R>u \ep L$f¡ R>¡. h^fphm_u h©qÙ S>¡d_u[¡d fl¡ R>¡. ifuf_u L$p¡B`Z `qfsõ\r[dp¬
S>¡ b]$gp[u _\u. lL$uL$[dp¬ kpfZNp¬W$ hOfphm L$f[p¬ h^y D`Öhu R>¡.
`f¬[y ^Zu
ìes¼[dp¬ kpfZNp¬W$ A_¡ hOfphm c¡Nu \pe R>¡. Ap Mfpb `qfsõ\r[ A_¡ [dp¬ i÷q¾$epAp¡
Apifp¡ g¡hp¡ S> Å¡BA¡. Ap fp¡Np¡dp¬ L$p¡\mudp¬ `pZu cfpe¡gy¬ lp¡e S> R>¡. [¡dp¬
Ap[fX$p¬_p¡ cpN kfL$u_¡ Aph¡ [p¡ fp¡Nu_u sõ\r[ N¬cuf `Z k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡. Å¡ Ap `qfsõ\r[_¡
kdekf V$pmhpdp¬ _ Aph¡ [p¡ fp¡Nu_u sõ\r[ N¬cuf \hp_u k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡.
hOfphm A¡
A¡L$ A¡hp¡ fp¡N R>¡ L¡$ [¡ Nd¡ [¡ Jdf¡ \pe R>¡. bpmL$p¡\u dp¬X$u h©Ùp¡ Aphu
T`V$dp¬ Aphu Åe R>¡. `f¬[y bpmL$p¡_¡ \[p¡ fp¡N Ap¡R>p¡ `uX$pL$pfu A_¡ _yL$ip_L$[p®
R>¡. [¡_p¡ fp¡N b¡ku A_¡ dV$u `Z Åe R>¡. `f¬[y dp¡V$u Jdf¡ \[p¡ fp¡N ^uf¡ ^uf¡
h^[p¡ S> Åe R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ Ahõ\pA¡ sõ\f \B Åe R>¡ `Z dV$hp_y¬ L¡$ Ap¡R>p¬ \hp_y¬
_pd _\u g¡[p¡.
Ap fp¡N_p¬
gnZp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.
(1) h©jZ_u L$p¡\mudp¬
`pZu cfphp\u a}g¡gu A_¡ k|S>¡gu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
(2) h©jZ_p¡ cpN
dp¡V$p¡ gpN¡ R>¡.
(3) h©jZ_p Ap h^¡gp
cpN_¡ gB_¡ A¡ cpN_y¬ hS>_ gpN¡ R>¡, A¡ cpN cpf¡ gpN¡ R>¡.
(4) h©jZ_u L$p¡\mu
M¢Qphp_¡ L$pfZ¡ [¡dp¬ kl¡S> ]y$Mphp¡ S>Zpe R>¡. Ap ]y$Mphp¡ L$ped__p¡ lp¡[
_\u.¼ep¬L$ ]¡$Mpe [p¡
S> ]y$Mphp¡ \pe R>¡.
(5) L$`X$p¬ `l¡f[p¬
L¡$ kpeL$g, õL|$V$f D`f lfhpafhp S>[p¬ hOfphm ]$bphp\u kl¡S> ]y$:M¡ R>¡ A_¡ \p¡X$u
ANhX$[p A_ycphe R>¡.
(6) Äepf¡ hOfphmdp¬
`pL$ \pe A_¡ `pZu_y¬ õ\p_ `fy g¡ [p¡ fp¡Nu dyíL¡$gu A_ych¡ R>¡.
(7) Apd [p¡ Ap
fp¡N L$`X$p¬_u _uQ¡ Y¬L$pB S>[p¡ fp¡N R>¡, `Z [¡ h^u S>[p¬ blpf R>[p¡ \B Åe R>¡.
[¡\u kdpS>dp¬ A_¡ rdÓp¡ hÃQ¡-EW$[p¬ ifd A_ych[u `X¡$ R>¡.
(8) Ap rkhpe Ap
fp¡Ndp¬ L$p¡B buÆ Mpk [L$gua `X$[u _\u.
Ap fp¡N_p
fp¡Nu_u Å[ue Æ_dp¬ rir\g[p Aph¡ R>¡. ^Zuhpf `Ð_u kp\¡ ifd-k¬L$p¡Q_¡ L$pfZ¡ `|fu
A_¡ kpfu fu[¡ Å[ue kyM cp¡Nhu iL$[p¡ _\u. Apd [p¡ k¬[p_p¡Ð`rÑ dpV¡$ h^fphm bp^L$
_\u lp¡[u. `Z Å¡ Nc®^pfZp AÞe L$pfZ¡ `Z _ \[u lp¡e [p¡ ]$p¡j hOfphm_¡ S> A`pe
R>¡.
Apd [p¡
Ap fp¡N \hp_y¬ L$pfZ ÅZdp¬ Apìey¬ _\u. R>[p¬ kpeL$g D`f b¡khp S>[p¬, kpeL$g D`f
gp¬bu khpfu L$fhp\u, `X$u S>hp\u L¡$ hpNu S>hp\u A¬X$ ^kpe, A\X$pe L¡$ ]$bpe [p¡
Aphy¬ b_hp k¬ch R>¡. Aphp k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬ h©jZ A_¡ L$p¡\mu hÃQ¡ `pZu cfpep L$f¡ R>¡.
Ap `pZu_¡ Ap¥j^\u k|L$hhy¬ L¡$ Ap¡Ry>¬ L$fhy¬ dyíL¡$g R>¡. Ap D`fp¬[ blz Ap¡R>p
qL$õkpdp¬ V$u.bu., L¡$Þkf L¡$ Q¡` gpNhp\u `Z L$p¡\mudp¬ `pZu cfpe R>¡. Apd R>[p¬
h^fphm \hp_y¬ L$p¡B Qp¡½$k L$pfZ _\u.
h^fphm_y¬
S>¡d L$p¡B Qp¡½$k L$pfZ _\u [¡¡d [¡_u L$p¡B Qp¡½$k ]$hp _\u. Apeyh£]$ rkhpe_u
rQqL$Ðkp `Ùr[dp¬ [p¡ Ap_u kpfhpf_u L$p¡B Ap¥j^ ep¡S>_p _\u. iõÓq¾$ep S> A¡L$
[¡_p¡ D`pe d_pe R>¡. L$p¡\mu_y¬ `pZu M¢Qu_¡ blpf L$pY$u _pMhp_y¬ k|Qhpe R>¡, `Z
Apd L$ep® `R>u afu\u `pZu c¡Ny¬ \pe R>¡ A_¡ afu L$Y$phhy¬ `X¡$ R>¡. Apd Qpëep S>
L$f¡ R>¡. buÆ `Ùr[dp¬ i÷q¾$ep Üpfp L$p¡\mu_y¬ `X$ L$pY$u _Mpe R>¡, S>¡\u `pZu
c¡Ny¬ S> _ \pe. Ap fu[¡ Ap fp¡N_u Ap^yr_L$ kpfhpf [p¡ i÷q¾$ep S> R>¡.
Ap fp¡N_p
fp¡Nu_¡ A¡L$ hp[ Ýep_dp¬ fpMhu Å¡BA¡. fp¡Nu_u S>¡hu ÅZL$pfu \pe L¡$ [f[ [¡_u [`pk
L$fphhu Å¡BA¡. `p¡[p_p a¡rdgu X$p¡L$V$f_u kgpl g¡hu Å¡BA¡. ifd_p dpep® Ap fp¡N_u
ÅZ Å¡ dp¡X$u L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ A_¡ fp¡N h^y hL$f¡ [p¡ A¡hy¬ `Z b_¡ L¡$ fp¡N AkpÝe
L$npdp¬ d|L$pB Åe. Å¡ hl¡gu ÅZL$pfu dm¡ A_¡ fp¡N_u iê$Ap[dp¬ S> kpfhpf iê$ L$fu
]¡$hpe [p¡ fp¡N dV$u `Z Åe. [¡\u fp¡NuA¡ [f[ S> Ap fp¡N_u `p¡[p_p rQqL$ÐkL$_¡ ÅZ
L$fu kpfhpf iê$ L$fu ]¡$hp Å¡BA¡.
Apeyh£]$dp¬
Ap fp¡N_u kpfhpf R>¡. M|b S>|_p¡ Of L$fu Ne¡gp¡ A_¡ h^u Ne¡gp¡ fp¡N li¡ [p¡ Ap¡R>p¡
ape]$p¡ \i¡. kp¡Å¡ E[fi¡, `pZu ^V$i¡ `Z Ap¡Ry>¬ ^V$i¡, `f¬[y Ap kpfhpf\u A¡L$
ape]$p¡ S>ê$f \i¡ L¡$ fp¡N Nd¡ [¡V$gp¡ hOu Nep¡ li¡ [p¡ `Z [¡ hO[p¡ AV$L$u S> S>i¡.
Aphu sõ\r[dp¬ fp¡N h^[p¡ AV$L¡$ A_¡ fp¡N_¡ \p¡X$p¡ `pR>p¡ lV$phu `qfsõ\r[dp¬
fp¡N h^[p¡ AVL¡$ A_¡ fp¡N_¡ \p¡X$p¡ `pR>p¡ lV$phu `qfsõ\r[_¡ lmhu L$f¡ [p¡ `Z ^Ϭ
R>¡. fp¡N _hp¡, Ap¡R>p¡ A_¡ lmhp¡ li¡ [p¡ S>ê$f ape]$p¡ \i¡.
iê$Ap[_p
fp¡Ndp¬ L¡$ bpmL_¡ \[u h^fphmdp¬ _uQ¡_u kpfhpf\u S> gpc \B iL¡$.
(1) fp¡Nu_¡ fpÓ¡
k|[u hM[¡ fp¡S> 10 \u 20 N°pd A¡f¬qX$ey¬ (q]$h¡g, L¡$õV$f Ap¡Bg) `phy¬.
(2) rÓamp N|Nm,
L$p¬Q_pf N|Nm, qL$ip¡m N|Nm_u 2+2+2+=6 Np¡mu khpf-kp¬S> 3 hpf Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡
Nfd `pZu kp\¡ g¡hu. fp¡S>_u 6#3=18 Np¡mu \i¡.
(3) O[|fp_p¬ `p__¡
kpfu a}V$u QV$Zu S>¡hy¬ L$fu, [¡dp¬ ]$ip¬N g¡` d¡mhu, kl¡S> Nfd L$fu h^fphm D`f
gNpX$hp¡ A_¡ `R>u [¡_p D`f ê$ d|L$u ]¡$hy¬.
(4) Ng _pd_p a}g_p
R>p¡X$ \pe R>¡. [¡_p¬ a}g Mfu `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ Ðep¬ dfu S>¡hy¬ L$pmy bu \pe R>¡. Ap
L$pmp bu_y¬ fp¡NuA¡ r_erd[ k¡h_ L$fh¬y.
(5) A¬X$ D`f [dpLy$_p¬
`p_ bp¬^hp\u gpc \pe R>¡.
D`f
âp¡õV¡$V$_y¬ L¡$Þkf
- [d_¡ `¡ipb L$fhpdp¬ [L$gua `X¡$ R>¡ ?
- hÃQ¡ `¡ipb AV$L$u AV$L$u_¡ Aph¡ R>¡ ?
- `¡ipb L$fu gu^p `R>u `Z [dpfu åg¡X$f `|fu fu[¡ Mpgu _\u \B A¡hp¡
Al¡kpk \ep L$f¡ R>¡ Mfp¡ ?
- fpÓ¡ [dpf¡ hpf¬hpf `¡ipb L$fhp EW$hy¬ `X¡$ R>¡ Mfy¬ ?
- q]$hk¡ `Z hpf¬hpf `¡ipb L$fhp S>hp_u lpS>[ \ep L$f¡ R>¡ ?
- fpÓ¡ [dpf¡ hpf¬hpf `¡ipb L$fhp EW$hy¬ `X¡$ R>¡ Mfy¬ ?
- q]$hk¡ `Z hpf¬hpf `¡ipb L$fhp S>hp_u lpS>[ \ep L$f¡ R>¡ ?
Ap
âñp¡dp¬_p dp¡V$p cpN_p âñp¡_p S>hpb Å¡ lp dp¬ Aph[p¬ lp¡e [p¡ [¡d_¡ âp¡õV¡$V$
Ág¡ÞX$_u [L$gua lp¡hp_u k¬cph_p R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ 50 hj®_u Apk`pk_u Apey cp¡Nh[p lp¡
[p¡ [dpf¡ [pÐL$prgL$ X$p¡L$V$f_u kgpl g¡hp_u S>ê$f R>¡.
âp¡õV¡$V$_y¬ L$pd iy¬ R>¡
?
âp¡õV¡$V$ (`p¥fyjN°¬r\) `yfyj_u
âÅ¡Ð`rÑ_u ipfuqfL$ fQ_p_p¡ A¡L$ ANÐe_p¡ rlõkp¡ R>¡. [¡ A¡L$ dp¬kg QuS> R>¡. `¡ipb_u
_mu (eyf¡\°p) _u Qp¡`pk [¡ hvV$mpe¡gu R>¡. [¡_y¬ õ\p_ `¡ipb_u L$p¡\mu (åg¡X$f)_p
Nmp_u bfp¡bf _uQ¡ `¡ipb _mu_u D`f Np¡W$hpe¡gy¬ R>¡. [¡_p¡ ApL$pf ÅX$p L$p¡gf
S>¡hp¡ R>¡, S>¡_p¡ ApNm_p¡ cpN M|g[p¡ R>¡. [¡_u fQ_p N°¬r\Ap¡ A_¡ õ_pey_p rdîZ\u
\e¡gu R>¡. Ap N°¬r\Ap¡ [¡_u rhriô$ âhplu DÐ`ß L$f¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ `yfyj_¡ Ap¡N£Td_p¡
A_ych \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ A¬X$L$p¡jdp¬\u hue® hR|>V¡$ R>¡. Ap [b½¡$ âp¡õV¡$V$ Ág¡ÞX$dp¬\u
[¡dp¬ A¡L$ Mpk âL$pf_y¬ âhplu Dd¡fu ]¡$hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡ õ`çk® A¡V$g¡
iy¾$pÏAp¡_¡ Å¡d A_¡ õL|$r[® bn¡ R>¡.
AgN AgN âdpZdp¬ h©qÙ :
_p_p R>p¡L$fpAp¡ [\p
eyhp_p¡_u âp¡õV¡$V$ âdpZdp¬ _p_u lp¡e R>¡. `Z L$p¡B ANçe L$pfZp¡kf S>¡d S>¡d he
h^[u Åe R>¡ [¡d [¡d âp¡õV¡$V$ h^[u Qpg¡ R>¡. ìes¼[N[ fu[¡ h©qÙ_y¬ âdpZ `Z AgN
AgN lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ [¡\u [¡_p¬ `qfZpdp¡ `Z AgN AgN lp¡e R>¡.
kpdpÞe
fu[¡ Ap kdN° âqL$ep r_]$p£j (bu_pB_) R>¡ A_¡ Æh_¾$d_p¡ A¡L$ rlõkp¡ S> R>¡. `Z
S|>S> ìes¼[_¡ Ap N°¬r\dp¬ L¡$Þkf \B iL¡$ R>¡.
åg¡X$f_u c|rdL$p :
d|Ók¬N°l
L$fhp_u L$p¡\mu S>¡_¡ åg¡X$f L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ [¡_y¬ L$pd d|Ó_¡ A¡L$Wy¬$
L$fhp_y¬ R>¡. Ahpf_hpf [¡ cfpe A¡V$g¡ [¡_¡ Mpgu L$fhu S>ê$fu b_¡ R>¡, Äepf¡
âp¡õV¡$V$ dp¡V$u \hp gpN¡ R>¡, d[gb [¡dp¬ kp¡Å¡ Aphhp gpN¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ åg¡X$f_u
Mpgu L$fhpdp¬ [L$gua `X¡$ R>¡. ÅZ¡ `¡ipb_u _mu D`f Ly$]$f[¡ `l¡fph¡gp¡ L$p¡gf _mu_y¬
Nmy¬ cvkhp gpN¡ R>¡, A_¡ `¡ipb_p âhpldp¬ ^ud¡ ^ud¡ ê$L$phV$ iê$ \B Åe R>¡. A¡L$
q]$hk [¡ k]¬$[f b¬^ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
[L$gua_p¡ âpf¬c :
Äepf¡
âp¡õV¡$V$_u [L$gua_p¡ âpf¬c \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ iê$Ap[dp¬ `¡ipb_u ^pf ^udu `X$hp gpN¡
R>¡. ^ud¡ ^ud¡ `¡ipb_¡ blpf L$pW$hpdp¬ hpf gpNhp gpN¡ R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ Å¡ gp¬bp¡
kde `¡ipb AV$L$phu fp¿ep¡ lp¡e [p¡ Aphy¬ Qp¡½$k b_¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ qL$õkpdp¬ [p¡
L¡$V$guL$ rdr_V$p¡ ky^u `¡ipb blpf _uL$mhp_u fpl Å¡hu `X¡$ R>¡.
S>¬`u åg¡X$f :
âp¡õV¡$V$_u buÆ r_ip_u R>¡ S>¬`u åg¡X$f. åg¡X$f W¡$L$X$p dpfhp gpN¡ R>¡. hpf¬hpf
`¡ipb_u lpS>[ E`X$ep L$f¡ R>¡. [d¡ _m Qpgy L$fp¡, bpfZpdp¬ Qphu a¡fhp¡, blpf_u
^¡f `pR>p afp¡ L¡$ khpf_p `lp¡fdp¬ hl¡gp EW$p¡ L¡$ [dpfu åg¡X$f_y¬ V²$uNf A¡V$gy¬
TX$`\u ]¡$MpB Åe R>¡ L¡$ [¡ `l¡gp¬ [p¡ L$`X$p¬ Mfpb \B Åe R>¡. `¡ipb Ap¡R>p¡
\hp_¡ gu^¡ [dpfu K^dp¬ hpf¬hpf Mg¡g `X$hp gpN¡ R>¡ A_¡ [¡_u [rbe[ D`f `Z Akf iê$
\B Åe R>¡. lh¡ [dpfu âÐe¡L$ âh©r[ `¡ipb_u lpS>[_¡ Ýep_dp¬ fpMu_¡ Np¡W$hhu `X¡$
R>¡. b¡ku_¡ A¡L$^pfp¡ gp¬bp¡ kde âhpk lh¡ L$fu iL$[p _\u. [d¡ l¬d¡ip [dpfu _ÆL$dp¬
S> ¼ep¬L$ V$p¡eg¡V$$_u kNhX$ lp¡e [¡_u Mpk [L¡$]$pfu fpMp¡ R>p¡.
fpÓ¡ `qfsõ\r[
h^y hZku Åe R>¡. Å¡ d|Ópie cfpB Åe [p¡ [d¡ E^[p lp¡ [p¡ `Z [¡ R>gL$pe Åe R>¡ A_¡
[d¡ `\pfu bNpX$u d|L$p¡ R>p¡. hmu, `uW$_p cpNdp¬ ]$bpZ h^[p¬ qL$X$_u D`f `Z ]$bpZ
h^hp gpN¡ R>¡. ¼epf¡L$ [d_¡ k¬`|Z® ågp¡L¡$BS> A¡V$g¡ L¡$ [Ø_ `¡ipb c¡Np \hy¬
`X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ L¡$\¡V$f BrÞÖedp¬ `fp¡hu_¡ blpf L$pY$hp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. L¡$\¡V$f fåbf_u
`p¡gu _mu R>¡.
Ap b^u S>
âp¡õV¡$V$_u [L$guap¡ NZpe R>¡.
L$gL$Ñp_p X$pµ. kyf¡i
bšfuep_u kgpl :
(L$ÞkëV¬$V$ - L$gL$Ñp
d¡qX$L$g qfkQ® BsÞõV$V$eyV$)
Å¡ `qfsõ\r[ blz hZku
Q|L$u _ lp¡e [p¡ Mpk L$iy¬ L$fhp_u S>ê$f _\u. Å¡ D`fp¡¼[ gnZp¡ [dpfp Æh_dp¬
ApX$Mugu `¡]$p L$f[p¬ lp¡e A_¡ d|Ópie Ap`p¡Ap` Mpgu \ep _ L$f[y¬ lp¡e, [p¡ kp¥\u
DÑd dpN® [dpfp âp¡õV¡$V$_y¬ rõ¾$t_N L$fphu g¡hp_y¬ R>¡.
Å¡ Apdp¬ Y$ug L$fip¡ [p¡
[¡_p¬ L¡$V$gp¬L$ dpW$p `qfZpdp¡ Aphu iL¡$ R>¡. ]pMgp [fuL¡$ -
(1)
âp¡õV¡$BV$uV$uk A\p®[¹ âp¡õV¡$V$_p¡ kp¡Å¡ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
(2) bu_pB_ (r_]$p£j)
âp¡õV¡$V$uL$ lpB`fàg¡kuep (âp¡õV¡$V$ N°¬r\_u A¬]$f_p cpN_y¬ AõhpcprhL$ h©qÙL$fZ)
`Z \B iL¡$ R>¡.
(3) A\hp [p¡
âp¡õV¡$V$ N°¬r\_u A¬]$f L¡$Þkf_p¡ fp¡N `Z iê$ \hp_u iL$e[p fl¡ R>¡.
lpB`fàg¡kuep iy¬ R>¡ ?
âp¡õV¡$V$uV$uk L$p¡B `Z `y¿ehe_p `yfyj_¡ \B iL¡$ R>¡, `Z _p_u he_p gp¡L$p¡dp¬ [¡
h^y kpdpÞe R>¡. Äepf¡ [¡_p\u rhfyÙ bu_pB_ (r_]$p£j) âp¡õV¡$V$ lpB`fàg¡kuep (lpB`f
A¡V$g¡ D`fu cpN A_¡ àg¡kuk A¡V$g¡ Y$pmp¡ A\p®[¹ L$p¡jp¡_u h^y `X$[u h©qÙ) S>¡_¡
X$p¡L$V$fu cpjpdp¬ bu`uA¡Q L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ [¡ heõL$ ìes¼[Ap¡_¡ kpdpÞe fu[¡
\[u budpfu R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ 50_u he h^[u Qpg¡ R>¡ [¡d [¡d âp¡õV¡$V$ N°¬r\ dp¡V$u
\[u Åe R>¡ A_¡ `¡ipb_u _mudp¬ fyL$phV$ `¡]$p L$f¡ R>¡.`qfZpd¡ `¡ipb `kpf L$fhpdp¬
Mg¡g DÐ`ß hZk[u Åe R>¡. L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ ]$f ÓZdp¬\u A¡L$ `yfyj_¡ `¡ipb_u [L$gua
iê$ \B Åe R>¡. S>¡d he h^[u Åe [¡d ]]$w_¡ buÅ D`Öhp¡_p¬ gnZp¡ `Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
`ròd_p¡ kh£nZ :
`ròd_p¡
]¡$ip¡dp¬ S>¡ kh£ L$fhpdp¬ Apìep¡ R>¡ [¡ A¡hy¬ k|Qh¡ R>¡ L¡$ bu`uA¡Q 60_u he
hV$phu Q|L¡$gp gNcN 60 V$L$p `yfyjp¡dp¬ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `f¬[y cpf[_u hkr[ A¡V$gu
N¬Åhf R>¡ L¡$ [¡_p Apfp¡Áe bpbp[dp¬ blz¬ rQ¬[p L$fhp_u L$p¡B S>ê$f S>Zp[u _\u. ^Zp
A¡hy¬ `Z L$l¡[p lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ 60 `R>u rhL¡$ep¡ hl¡gu MX$u `X¡$ [¡d kpfy¬. R>[p¬
X$p¡¼V$fp¡ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap âdpZ h^[y¬ Åe R>¡. S>¡ ìes¼[_¡ bu`uA¡Q lp¡e R>¡ A¡_¡
[pÐL$prgL$ bp\ê$d S>hp_u BÃR>p \ep L$f¡ R>¡. `¡ipb L$ep® `R>u `Z [¡_¡ AkyM füp
L$f¡ R>¡. [¡_¡ A¡hy¬ gpN¡ R>¡. L¡$ [¡_u åg¡X$f lSy> `|f¡`|fu Mpgu \B _\u. Ap\u
[¡_¡ hpf¬hpf `¡ipb_u lpS>[ \ep L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ OZu hpf [p¡ rhrQÓ kde¡ Aphu BÃR>p
\[u lp¡e R>¡.
âp¡õV¡$BV$ L¡$Þkf bpü
k`pV$u D`f :
âp¡õV¡$V$_y¬ L$¡Þkf dp¡V$pcpN¡ blpf_p cpNdp¬ L$¡Þkf R>¡. Ap\u iê$Ap[_p cpNdp¬ `yfyj_¡
`¡ipb L$fhpdp¬ L$p¡B [L$gua `X$[u _\u. [¡_p¡ âkpf ^udp¡ lp¡e R>¡. `Z A¬[¡ [¡
ApMp ifufdp¬ a¡gpB Åe R>¡.
rhð_p
dp¡V$p cpN_p ]¡$ip¡dp¬ âp¡õV¡$V$ L¡$Þkf A¡L$ kpdpÞe ìepr^, A_¡ rhL$sõ[ ]¡$ip¡dp¬
d©Ðey_p¬ L$pfZp¡dp¬ [¡_p¡ _¬bf buÅ¡ Aph¡ R>¡. `Z Aphy¬ ip\u b_¡ R>¡ [¡_p¬
L$pfZp¡_p¡ lSy> Aæepk Qpgu füp¡ R>¡. Mp¡fpL$_u kp\¡ [¡_p¡ ku^p¡ k¬b¬^ R>¡ L¡$
L¡$d [¡ `Z lSy> âep¡Np^u_ R>¡. ifpb, ^|d°`p_, Å[ue k¬cp¡N L¡$ `ep®hfZ âñp¡ lSy>
QL$pkZu l¡W$m R>¡ R>[p¬ [¡ hpfkpN[ fp¡N R>¡ A¡hu `Z A¡L$ dpÞe[p lh¡ âQrg[ \hp
dp¬X$u R>¡.
hpfkpN[ gnZ :
S>¡d_p r`[p, ]$p]$p,
L$pL$p, cpB hN¡f¡_¡ Å¡ âp¡õV¡$V$_p¡ fp¡N \e¡gp¡ lp¡e [p¡ [¡d_¡ `Z hpfkpdp¬ Ap
fp¡N dmhp_u iL$e[p R>¡. _hpB_u hp[ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap fp¡N ApqäL$p [\p L¡$fubue_ ]¡$ip¡dp¬
h^y Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
¼epf¡ R|>`u iê$Ap[ \pe
R>¡......
`¡ipb
L$fhp_u [L$gua Äep¬ ky^u L¡$Þkf Ry>`pB_¡ L$pd L$f[y¬ lp¡e R>¡ Ðep¬ ky^u iê$ \[u
_\u. Ap\u L¡$Þkf ]$f¡L$ rL$õkpdp¬ fp¡N_p D`f hZ®h¡gp gnZp¡ â]$ri®[ L$f[y¬ _\u.
`Z D`fp¡¼[ rQÞlp¡dp¬\u S>¡V$gp¬ h^y ]¡$Mpe [¡V$gp âdpZdp¬ L¡$Þkf lp¡hp_u i¼e[p
h^u Åe R>¡. L$gu_uL$g d¡_ua¡õV¡$i_ A¡V$g¡ L$ bpü â]$i®_ fp¡N_p rhL©$[ õhê$`dp¬
dp¡Xy¬$ `Z ]¡$Mp ]¡$ R>¡.
Å¡ [¡
ifufdp¬ a¡gpB Åe [p¡ `uW$dp¬, b¡W$L$dp¬ A_¡ `¡Xy$_p cpNdp¬ ¼epf¡L$ k[[ ]y$Mphp¡
füp L$f¡ R>¡.
L¡$V$guL$
hpf A¡hy¬ b_¡ R>¡ L¡$ `¡ipb A¬N¡_u L$p¡B [L$gua _X$[u _\u.
A¡L$
Aæepk dyS>b k¡L$k lp¡dp£Þk_u Akd[ygp kÅ®[p âp¡õV¡$V$ ìepr\ iê$ \pe R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡
bu`uA¡Q. `f¬[y L¡$Þkf_u kp\¡ [¡_p¡ L$p¡B k¬b¬^ _\u A¡hy¬ X$p¡L$V$f bÅ¡fuep dp_¡
R>¡. AgbÑ b¬_¡ `qfsõ\r[ A¡L$ S> ]$]$wdp¬ Å¡hp dmu iL¡$ Mfu. `f¬[y bu`uA¡V$ L$f[p¬
L¡$Þkf_u kpfhpf kph AgN `X$u Åe R>¡. Ap\u b¬_¡_¡ `l¡gp¬ AgN `pX$hp S>ê$fu b_¡
R>¡.
rhrh^ kpfhpf :
âp¡õV¡$V$
L¡$Þkf_u kpfhpf fp¡N_y¬ âdpZ, [¡_p¬ gnZp¡, he A_¡ V$¡L$r_L$g A¡L$k`V$wT_u D`gå^
D`f Ap^pqf[ R>¡.
¼ep
]$]$w_¡ L$B kpfhpf Ap`hu `X$i¡ [¡_p¡ Ap^pf ^Zu b^u bpb[p¡ D`f Ap^pqf[ R>¡. [¡_¡
dëV$uX$ukuàgu_fu A¡âp¡Q L$l¡ R>¡. [¡_u A¬]$f (1) Ap¢L$p¡gp¡ÆõV$ (N°uL$ iå]$ Ap¢L$p¡i_p¡
A\® \pe S>Õ\p¡ A_¡ gp¡Np¡k_p¡ A\® \pe QQp® - rhQpfZp) (2) f¡qX$ep¡\¡fp`uõV$ (3)
e|fp¡gp¡ÆõV$ A_¡ (4) kpBV$p¡`¡\p¡gp¡ÆõV$_u d]$]$_u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡.
lp¡dp£_g d¡_uàeyg¡iÞk :
âp¡õV¡$V$ Ág¡ÞX$f_u
L$pe®hplu dy¿eÐh¡ `yfyj_p A¡ÞX²$p¡S>Þk _pd_p lp¡dp£Þk D`f fpM¡ R>¡. Å¡ `p¥fyj
N°¬r\_p lp¡dp£Þk öph_¡ fp¡L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ âp¡õV¡$V$_p ApX¡$^V$ rhL$pk `pd[p
L¡$Þkf_p k¡ëk D`f r_e¬ÓZ d|L$u iL$pe R>¡. kpdpÞe fu[¡ V¡$õV$uk A¡V$g¡ L¡$ h©jZp¡
]|$f L$fu_¡ Ap Ýe¡e lp¬kg L$fu iL$pe R>¡. X$p¡L$V$fu cpjpdp¬ [¡_¡
Ap¡L$uX¡$L$V$du L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap Ap¡`f¡i__p¡ Apif¡ ê$. 3,000 MQ® \pe R>¡.
`f¬[y L¡$V$gpL$ lp¡dp£Þk A¡qX²$_g Ág¡ÞX$dp¬\u R|>V$p `X¡$ R>¡. [¡ öph_¡
AV$L$phhp dpV¡$ A¡rÞV$A¡ÞX²$p¡S>_ X²$ÁT_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ `X¡$ R>¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$
a}gyV$pdpBX$ [\p bpBL¡$gL$eyV$pdpBX$ (MQ® ê$.10) S>¡hp¡ Ap¥j^p¡ A`pe R>¡. Ap
X²$ÁT d¡Bg lp¡dp£_ f¡k¡àk®_¡ ågp¡L$ L$fu _pM¡ R>¡. `qfZpd¡ lp¡dp£Þk Tf[p¬ b¬^ \B
Åe R>¡. X$p¡¼V$fu cpjpdp¬ Ap_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ V$p¡V$g A¡ÞX²$p¡S>_ ågp¡L¡$BS>.
dp¡qX$L$g \¡f¡`u :
S>¡ ]]$wAp¡
`p¡[p_p V¡$õV$uT L$fphhp BÃR>[p _ lp¡e [¡Ap¡ Ap D`pep¡ AS>dphu iL¡$ R>¡. A¡L$ Ap¥j^_p¡
âL$pf R>¡ S>¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ëeyV$_pBTvN _pd_p dNS>_p rlõkpdp¬\u _¡ R|>Vy¬$ `pX¡$
R>¡ [¡_p L$pfZ¡ r`ÃeyV$fu N°¬r\dp¬\u R|>¬Vy¬$ `X¡$ R>¡. h^y âdpZdp¬ lp¡dp£_ L$pd¡
gNpX$hpdp¬ Aph[p¬ Ap`Zp ifuf_u bpep¡gÆL$g rkõV$d ifuf_p öphp¡_¡ bpep¡auX$b¡L$
õhuQ Ap¡a Üpfp AV$L$phu ]¡$ R>¡. `qfZpd¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ h©qÙ AV$L$u Åe R>¡. `Z Ap `qfZpd_¡
Åmhu fpMhp dpV¡$ ]$]$w Æh¡ Ðep¬ ky^u ]$f drl_¡ A¡L$ hpf Ap X²$N g¡hp¬ `X¡$ R>¡.
X²$N_y¬ _pd R>¡ Tp¡gpV¡$¼k A_¡ [¡_u qL$d[ R>¡ ê$. 8,000/-
f¡qX$ep¡\¡f¡`u :
Ap kpfhpf
f¡qX$ep¡ A¡L$V$uh õV²$p£V$ued A\hp ap¡õafk Üpfp \pe R>¡. L¡$Þkf_p iê$Ap[_p
Npmpdp¬ Ap kpfhpf h^y AkfL$pfL$ _uhX¡$ R>¡. ]$f¡L$ tkqV$N_p ê$. 350/- _p¡ MQ® \pe
R>¡. A_¡ 4 \u 6 kápl kpfhpf g¡hu `X¡$ R>¡. `qfZpd¡ L¡$Þkf_p L$p¡jp¡_¡ AkfL$pfL$
fu[ MÐd L$fu _pMhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
V²$pÞk-eyf¡\°g fuA¡L$k_
^u âp¡õV¡$BV$ :
Å¡ [dpfu
âp¡õV¡$V$ Mf¡Mf Ópk]$peL$ _uhX¡$gu lp¡e [p¡ ApS>_u OX$uA¡ kp¥\u DÑd D`pe krS>®L$g
A\hp k¬`|Z® fu[¡ âp¡õV¡$V$ L$Y$phu _pMhp_p¡ R>¡. [¡_¡ âp¡õV¡$BV$ A¡L$V$du
Ap¡`f¡i_ L$l¡ R>¡. [¡_p¡ MQ® Apif¡ ê$. 10,000/- \pe R>¡. Ap kS>®fudp¬ A¡L$ bpfuL$
V¡$rgõL$p¡` S>__¡rÞÖedp¬ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ `R>u TuZp krS>®L$g kp^__u
d]$]$\u âp¡õV¡$BV$ L$pY$u g¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
lh¡
L¡$V$guL$ _hu_ `Ùr[Ap¡ `Z AS>dphpB flu R>¡. S>¡d L¡$, dpB¾$p¡h¡h, g¡Tf qL$fZp¡
A_¡ V¡$åg¡V$p¡ hN¡f¡. `Z Ap b^u hp[p¡ lSy> gp¬bp Npmp_p âep¡Np¡ `R>u S> Mp[fu `|h®L$
D`ep¡Ndp¬ gB iL$pe R>¡.
D`f
kp¡Å (OEDENJA)
ifuf kl¡S> ÅXy¬$ lp¡e, kl¡S> cfph]$pf lp¡e,
kl¡S> azg¡gy lp¡e [¡ kp¥_¡ Nd¡. `Z [¡ âpL©$[ lp¡hy¬ Å¡BA¡, rhL©$[ _rl. ifuf¡
kp¡Å¡ QX¡$ R>¡. Ðepf¡ S>¡ cpN¡ kp¡Å QX$ep lp¡e [¡ cpN azgu Åe R>¡, - D`ku Åe
R>¡. buÅ A¬N L$f[p¬ [¡ A¬N ÅX$p¡ gpN¡ R>¡. `Z [¡ Å¡hy¬ Nd[y¬ _\u. Ap¬M_¡ ê$Q[y¬
_\u. A¡ _fu rhL©$r[ R>¡. A¡L$ Å[_p¡ fp¡N R>¡. A_¡ L¡$V$gp¬L$ ce¬L$f fp¡N_y¬ gnZ
`Z R>¡.
kp¡Å_¡ Apeyh£]$dp¬ ip¡\ A_¡ A¬N°¡Ædp¬“BX$uep” L$l¡ R>¡. QfL$k¬rl[p_p k|Óõ\p_dp¬ dp¬ “rÓip¡¡\ue” _pd_p¡ AY$pfdp¡ AÝepe Ap kp¡Å D`f S> R>¡. kp¡Å_p kp¡\ D`fp¬[ ip¡a _¡ ðe\y A¡d b¡
_pd buÅ R>¡. Äepf¡ BX$uepdp¬ `pL$ \hp gpN¡ A¡V$g¡ [¡ BÞag¡d¡i_ \B Åe. Ap fu[¡ _pdp¡_u
c|g c|gpdZu R>¡.
kp¡Å_u c|rdL$p
kp¡Å_y¬ õ\p_ ÐhQp A_¡ dp¬k_u hÃQ¡ R>¡.
Äep¬-Äep¬ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ Ðep¬-Ðep¬ Ap b¡ Öìep¡_u hÃQ¡ ]$p¡j `p¡[p_u Akf S>Þdph¡ R>¡.
A_¡ b^p S> kp¡Å rÓ]$p¡j S> lp¡e
R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ [¡dp¬ ÓZ¡e ]$p¡jp¡ bNX¡$gp lp¡e R>¡. kp\¡ gp¡lu bNX$hp_¡ klL$pf
`Z S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap fu[¡ hpey, r`Ñ, L$a ÓZ ]$p¡j D`fp¬[ gp¡lu, dp¬k A_¡ ÐhQp_u Örô$
`Z kp¡Ådp¬ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
ApMp ifufdp¬ fk^p[y_y¬ k[[ `qfc°dZ
\pe R>¡. [¡ `p¡[p_u kp\¡ kp[¡e ^p[y_p¡ L$pQp¡ kpdp_, ]$f¡L$ A¬N D`p¬Np¡_¡
A_yLy$m L$p¡j r_dp®Z dpV¡$_u L$pQu kpdN°u âpZhpey A_¡ `p¡jpL$ [Ðhp¡ gB_¡ Alr_®i
^|d¡ R>¡. ifuf_p kph R>¡hpX$p_p, _p_pdp¬ _p_p A_¡ Ap`Z¡ S>¡ Å¡ep L¡$ ÅÎep _ lp¡e
[¡hp â]¡$idp¬ `Z [¡ k[[ ^|d[p¬ fl¡ R>¡, ]$f¡L$ L$p¡j, ]$f¡L$ ^p[y, ]$f¡L$ A¬N,
]$f¡L$ Aheh `p¡[p_p ^kpfp_u `|r[® L$f¡ R>¡. `p¡jZ d¡mh¡ R>¡, _hy¬ bm âpá L$f¡
R>¡. Æh__p¡ ^bL$pf Tug¡ R>¡. âpZhpey d¡mh¡ R>¡. A_¡ `p¡[p_pdp¬ fl¡gp¡ L$Qfp¡,
A¬Npfhpey, dm hN¡f¡ [¡dp¬ W$pgh¡ R>¡. Ap q¾$ep A¡L$ kfMu, r_rh®fp¡^, kfMu fu[¡
Qpëep L$f¡ [p¡ Apfp¡Áe_y¬ gnZ R>¡.
`Z Äep¬ [¡_¡ Ahfp¡^ _X¡$, [¡
ApNm S>B _ iL¡$, [¡ ApXy$ a¬V$pe, [¡ fõ[p¡ R>p¬X¡ A_¡ dp¬k [\p ÐhQp_u hÃQ¡_u S>Áepdp¬
Aphu `X$ph _pM¡ Ðepf¡ kp¡Å¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. S>¡V$gp¡ ]$p¡j cpf¡, S>¡V$gp¡ ^kpfp¡
h^pf¡, S>¡V$gp¡ fp¡Nu ]y$b®m [¡V$gp¡ kp¡Å¡ dp¡V$p¡ gpN¡. Apd kp¡Å¡ Aphhp_u Ap
dy¿e hp[ R>¡. [¡_¡ kp]$u fu[¡ kdÅhu R>¡. [¡_p¡ A\® A¡hp¡ _\u L¡$ [¡ Mf¡Mf ApV$gu
kp]$u R>¡. M|b AV$`V$u A_¡ AS>_bu S>¡hu Ap âq¾$ep R>¡. kpdpÞe dpZk kdÆ iL¡$ [¡V$gu
kl¡gu cpjp L$fhpdp¬ [¡_¡ `Z kl¡gu b_phhu `X$u R>¡.
kp¬â[ rhop_ iy¬ L$l¡
R>¡ ?
kp¡Å¡ dpV¡$ kp¬â[ rhop_ _uQ¡_p¬ L$pfZp¡ Ap`¡
R>¡.
1. ifufdp¬ f¼[pq]$ hl_ L$f_pfp
õÓp¡[p¡_u q]$hpgp¡dp¬\u dpÓ âpZhpey A_¡ `pZu S> Aph-Å L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. âp¡V$u_
S>¡hp [Ðhp¡ õÓp¡[p¡_u q]$hpg_u blpf _uL$mu iL$[p _\u, `f¬[y L¡$V$gp¬L$ k¬Å¡Np¡dp¬
Å¡ [¡ õÓp¡[k_u q]$hpg c¡]$u_¡ [fg `]$p\p£ kp\¡ blpf _uL$mu Åe [p¡ [¡_p S>dph_¡
L$pfZ¡ kp¡Å \[p¬ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
2. d|Ó`vX$ (L$uX$_u) _u ]y$sóedp¬
h^pf¡ `X$[p¬ Apë¿eydu__y¬ r_óL$pk_ \[p¬ A_¡ Mp¡fpL$ Üpfp [¡_u `|[®[p _ \[p¬,
kp¡Å \[p¬ lp¡e R>¡.
3. ifuf_u ^p_yAp¡dp¬ ghZ Öìep¡_p¡
h^pf¡ `X$[p k¬Qe \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ `Z kp¡Å \hp_u k¬cph_p h^u Åe R>¡.
4. ù]$efp¡Ndp¬ fL$[k¬Qpf_u A¬]$f [L$gua
\hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ A_¡ åg¡X$â¡kf M|b h^u S>hp\u kp¡Å \B Åe R>¡.
5. gp¡ludp¬ ghZS>g (kp¡X$ued
L$gp¡fpBX$) _y¬ âdpZ h^u S>hp\u, kp¡Å h^u S>hp_u k¬cph_p fl¡ R>¡.
A¬N°¡Æ iå]$ BX$uep A_¡ BÞça¡g¡d¡_i_ c¡]$ kdS>hp
S>¡hp¡ R>¡. b¬_¡dp¬ kp¡Å¡ [p¡ lp¡e S> R>¡. `f¬[y, BX$udp Apæe¬[f L$pfZp¡\u \pe
R>¡. ]$p.[. d|Ót`X$_u Mfpbu_¡ gB_¡ `N¡ kp¡Å¡ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap kp¡Å AX$D[f \pe R>¡.
A_¡ L$p¡B hpf k[[ `Z fl¡ R>¡. `f¬[y [¡dp¬ `pL$ \[p¡ _\u. Äepf¡ BÞça¡g¡d¡i_ bpü
L$pfZp¡\u \pe R>¡. ]$p.[. [d¡ `X$ep A_¡ `R>X$pV$\u kp¡Å¡ Apìep¡, Ap S>Áep gpg \B
Åe, Nfd gpN¡, lp\ gNph[p ]y$:M¡, [¡dp¬ ]y$:Mphp¡ `Z \pe A_ Äep¬ kp¡Å¡ Apìep¡
lp¡e [¡ A¬N¡ `p¡[p_y¬ L$pd bfpbf L$fu iL¡$ _rl. Aphy¬ BX$udpdp¬ \[y _\u.
hmu BÞçag¡d¡i_dp¬ `pL$ `Z \pe
R>¡. A_¡ [¡\u [¡dp¬ gbL$pfp h^¡ R>¡. ApNm S>[p¬ Ap Å[_p¡ kp¡Å¡ NydX$p (rhÖ^u)
_y¬ õhê$` `L$X¡$ R>¡. [¡ `pL$[p¬ apV¡$ R>¡ A_¡ QpdX$u apV$[p¬ [¡ h°Z A¡V$g¡ ^p_y¬
õhê$` ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. [¡\u BÞçag¡d¡i__¡ Apeyh£]$_u `qfcpjpdp¬ h°Zip¡\ `Z L$l¡
R>¡.
A¡Vg¡ kp¬â[ rhop_dp¬ h`fp[p Ap
b¬_¡ iå]$p¡ hÃQ¡_p¡ [aph[ kdS>hp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.
Apeyh£]$_p d[¡
Apeyh£]$_p d[¡ kp¡Å_p dy¿e b¡ âL$pf R>¡. (1)
bpü L$pfZp¡\u \[p¡ Arc^p[S> ip¡\ S>¡_¡ BÞagd¡i_ L$lu iL$pe. (2) Ap¬æe[f L$pfZp¡
A¡V$g¡ ipfuqfL$ ]y$rô$\u \[p¡ r_S> ip¡\. r_S> ip¡\_¡ BX$uep kp\¡ kfMphu iL$pe.
ArcOp[S> ip¡\_¡ ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
blpf_p õÓp¡[kp¡_¡ A_ykf_pfp hpey,
r`Ñ, L$a hN¡f¡ ]$p¡jp¡ Äepf¡ bNX¡$ Ðepf¡ dpN®_¡ fp¡L$u_¡ ip¡\_¡ `¡]$p L$f¡ R>¡.
ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\
lh¡ ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\dp¬ Ap ]$p¡jp¡
¼ep¬ A_¡ L¡$hu fu[¡ Apìep [¡ dy¿e âñ kp¥_¡ \pe. Atl ip÷L$pf [¡_u õ`ô$[p L$f¡
R>¡. r_S> ip¡\dp¬ [p¡ Apæe¬[f rhL©$r[_¡ gB_¡ ]$p¡j bNX$u_¡ fp¡N S>Þdph¡ R>¡.
Äepf¡ ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\dp¬ ArcOp[\u `l¡gp Ar[ TX$`\u kp¡Å¡ QX¡$ R>¡. A_¡ [¡ hM[¡ S>
õ\pr_L$ ]$p¡jp¡ âLy$r`[ \B_¡, ]y$ô$ \B_¡ bNX¡$ R>¡, A¡V$g¡ ]$p¡j_u ]y$rô$ [p¡
ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\dp¬ `Z \pe R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ kp]$u cpjpdp¬ L$luA¡ [p¡
_uQ¡_p ÓZ L$pfZp¡ ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\ \pe R>¡.
1. hpNhp L$fhp\u S>¡dL¡$ `R>X$phy¬,
hpNhy¬, `X$hy¬, dpfpdpfu \hu, L$p¡B l\uepf hpNhy¬, ^khy¬, Ry>¬]$phy¬, Y$kX$phy¬
A\X$phy¬, ]$bphy¬, L$Qfphy¬, cp¬Nu S>hy¬, Mku S>hy¬, hN¡f¡\u Ap¡tQ[p¡ kpÅ¡ QX¡$
R>¡. Ap`Z_¡ Aphp kpdpÞe A_ych \[p¡ S> fl¡ R>¡.
2. L$p¡B T¡fu h_õ`r[_p k¬`L$®\u Ap
dpV¡$_y¬ DÑd D]$plfZ cugpdp¡ R>¡. cugpdp¡ [p¡X$hp, Ry>¬]$[p, L$p`[p L¡$ `L$X$p[p¬
S>¡_¡ dpaL$ _ Aph[p¡ lp¡e [¡_¡ [¡ DX¡$ R>¡. A_¡ ifuf kp¡Å¡ Aphu S>hp_u k¬cph_p
fl¡ R>¡. kdpÞe dp¡Yy¬$ azgu_¡ Y$p¡g S>¡hy¬ \B Åe R>¡.
3. L$p¡B T¡fu S>¬[y_p L$fX$hp\u [f[
S> kpÅ¡ QX¡$ R>¡. A¡ S> fu[¡ fp[¡ ky[p lp¡BA¡ A_¡ AdyL$ Å[_p S>¬[y `¡ipb L$fu Åe
L¡$ L$fX$u Åe [p¡ kp¡Å¡ QX¡$gp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Apd ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\_p L$pfZp¡ Å¡ep
[¡_p L$p¡B rhi¡$j c¡]$ _\u.
r_S> kp¡\
[d¡ khpf¡ `\pfudp¬ EW$p¡ A_¡ b°i L$f[p¬
Afukp kpd¡ Dcp flp¡ [p¡ dp¡Y¡$ \p¡\f Å¡hp dm¡. [d_¡ rhQpf Aph¡ L¡$ Ap iy¬ \ey¬ ?
`X$ep _\u, hpÁey¬ _\u, L¬$B L$fX$ey¬ _\u, R>[p¬ Ap kp¡Å¡ ¼ep¬\u Apìep¡ ? L¬$B
kdS>_ _ `X$[p¬ Of_p_¡ `|R>p¡ Ap kp¡Å¡ Å¡ep¡ ? L¡$d \ep¡ li¡ ? [f[ S> N©rlZu
L$l¡i¡, L¡$d c|gu Nep fpÓ¡ _p `pX$u l[u. Ap ]$lv ApMu fp[ af[y¬ af[y¬ dp¢ A¡ `|Áe¬y.
Ap`Z¡ ApNm Å¡B Nep [¡ âdpZ¡
L$p¡B blpf_p L$pfZ¡ kp¡Å Aph¡ [¡ ApN¬[yL$ ip¡\. `Z ifuf_u A¬]$f_p L$pfZp¡ kp¡Å
Aph¡ [¡ r_S> kp¡\. Alv Ap`Z¡ [¡ A¬N¡ h^y rhQpf L$fuiy¬.
L$pfZp¡
kp¡Å_p L$pfZp¡_u rhN[p¡ ipõÓL$pf¡ Ap fu[¡
Ap`u R>¡.
1. Å¡ L$p¡B k¬ip¡^_ L$fph¡ A_¡ [¡dp¬
Nag[ \B Åe [p¡ kp¡Å Aph¡. k¬ip¡^_ A¡V$g¡ `¬QL$d® A¡V$g¡ `¬QL$d®
hd_-rhf¡Q_-bsõ[-_õe fL$[dp¡nZ_u q¾$epAp¡, ApS>¡ Ap`Z¡ Ðep¬ blz âdpZdp¬ Å¡hp _\u
dm[y¬. `Z QfL$_p hM[dp¬ k¬ip¡^_ dp¡V$p `pep D`f \[y¬ li¡, [¡\u Äep¬ Ðep¬ k¬ip¡^__u
nr[_¡ fp¡N_p L$pfZ [fuL¡$ b[pìey¬ lp¡e R>¡.
2. h^y `X$[p D`hpk A\hp c|Mdfp¡, ^Zp
gp¡L$p¡ ÅZu Å¡B_¡ ^d® L¡$ kÐepN°l dpV¡$ D`hpk L$f¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ ^Zp¬_¡ Mphp S> _\u
dm[y¬, b¬_¡dp¬ kp¡Å \hp_y¬ b_¡ R>¡.
3. Apmky õhcph, `X$u fl¡hp_u h©rÑ,
ApMp¡ q]$hk k|B fl¡hp_u V¡$h\u `Z kp¡Å Aph¡ .
3. S>¡ ìes¼[ c|¿ep¡ lp¡e, S>¡Z¡
D`hpk L$ep® lp¡e, S>¡ Ai¼[ lp¡e [¡hu ìes¼[ S>¡ h^y `X$[p npf, MpV$p â]$p\®, Nfd
A_¡ S>g]$ fkp¡B L¡$ cpf¡ hp_Nu Mpe [p¡ kp¡Å QX¡$.
5. ]$lv [p¡ kp¡Å L$fhpdp¬ `l¡gp¡
_¬bf ^fph¡ R>¡. h^y `X$[y¬ ]$lv Mphy¬ L¡$ kp¬S>¡ ]$lv Mphy¬ _ Å¡BA¡. _rl[f kp¡Å
QX¡$.
6. Å¡ L$p¡B_¡ dpV$u Mphp_u V¡$h lp¡e
[p¡ [¡_¡ \p¡\f QX¡$. bpmL$p¡ A_¡ kN®cp ÷u_¡ Ap_u Mpk V¡$h lp¡e R>¡.
7. L$pQp¡-kX¡$gp¡-h^pf¡ `X$[p¡ `pL$u
Ne¡gp¡-AMp^ `]$p\® L¡$ rhê$Ý^ Aplpf Mphpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ kp¡Å¡ QX¡$.
8. Mphpdp¬ T¡f Aphu Åe [p¡ `Z kp¡Å
QX¡$.
9. âkyr[ ]$frdep_ gp¡lu_u Ap¡R> lp¡e
[p¡ `Z kp¡Å QX¡$.
10. Ai®, S>gp¡]$f, ù]$efp¡N, L$uX$_u_u
budpfu S>¡hp fp¡Np¡dp¬ kp¡Å QX¡$.
D`f
kp¡Å L¡$hu fu[¡ Aph¡ ?
D`f_p L$p¡B `Z L$pfZ b_¡ [¡\u ]$p¡jp¡
L$p¡`¡, kp¡Ådp¬ ÓZ¡e ]$p¡jp¡ L$p¡`¡ R>¡. L$p¡B`Z h^y L$p¡`¡ [p¡ L$p¡B Ap¡R>p `Z
ÓZ¡e ]$p¡jp¡ L$p¡`u_¡ ]$p¡jp¡ A_¡ ^p[yAp¡ hl_ L$f_pfu V²¡$L$_¡ fp¡Nu ]¡$ R>¡.
S>¡ S>ÁepA¡ Ap ]$p¡jp¡ hl¡[p hl¡[p AV$L$u Åe R>¡. Ðep¬ [¡_p¡ cfphp¡ \pe R>¡. S>¡
kp¡Å õhê$`¡ Örô$ Np¡Qf \pe R>¡.
Ap dpV¡$ ip÷L$pf¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$
Äepf¡ âL$p¡r`[ \e¡gp ]$p¡jp¡ R>p[u_p cpNdp¬ k¬rQ[ \pe R>¡. Ðepf¡ ifuf_p D`f_p
cpNdp¬ kp¡Å DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ ]$p¡jp¡ hpey_p õ\p_dp¬ k¬rQ[ \pe R>¡. Ðepf¡ kp¡Å¡
_uQ¡_p cpNp¡dp¬ \[p¡ lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ Å¡ ]$p¡jp¡ ifuf_p dÝecpNdp¬ k¬rQ[ \pe [p¡
ifuf_u hÃQ¡ kp¡Å¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Å¡ AdyL$ A¡L$p]$ A¬Ndp¬ ]$p¡jp¡ S>dp \ep lp¡e
[p¡ [¡ A¬N¡ `yf[p¡ kp¡Å¡ QX¡$ R>¡.
`h® ê$`
kp¡Å \hp_p lp¡e [¡_p¬ `l¡gp
Qp¡½$k âL$pf_p gnZp¡ \[p ¬lp¡e R>¡. S>¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ L$lu iL$pe L¡$ kp¡Å¡ Aphhp_p¡
R>¡. Ap gnZp¡dp¬ dy¿e gnZp¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.
1. kp¡Å¡ Äep¬ Aphhp_p¡ lp¡e [¡ cpN
buÅ cpN L$f[p¬ kl¡S> h^y Nfd gpN¡ R>¡. lp\u_u l\¡gu d|L$u Ap ÅZu iL$p. R>¡.
2. Ap¬Mp¡ hN¡fdp¬ kl¡S> bm[fp \[u
lp¡e R>¡.
3. iufpAp¡ M¢Qphp gpN¡ R>¡.
4. Äep¬ kp¡Å¡ Aphhp_p¡ lp¡e [¡ cpN
cpf¡ \B Åe R>¡.
f¼[ A_¡ L$a_p Ap gnZp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
gp¡ludp¬ Ar” [Ðh rhi¡j lp¡hp\u [¡ bm[fp gnZp¡ A_¡ L$a cpf¡ lp¡hp\u [¡ cpf¡`Z_p
gnZp¡ â]$iw[ L$f¡ R>¡.
D`f
kpdpÞe gnZp¡
kp¡Å¡ Mf¡Mf Aph¡ Ðepf¡ [¡_p gnZp¡
D`f\u [¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡. Ap gnZp¡ ]$p¡jp_ykpf `Z lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ kh® kpdpÞe `Z lp¡e
R>¡. iê$Ap[dp¬ Ap`Z¡ kpdpÞe gnZp¡ Å¡BA¡.
1. S>¡ S>ÁepA¡ kp¡Å¡ Apìep¡ lp¡e [¡
cpN cpf¡ \B Åe R>¡. kpdpÞe fu[¡ Ap`Z_¡ Ap`Zp ifuf_p cpNp¡ cpf¡ gpN[p _\u. `f¬[y
Ap fp¡Ndp¬ [¡ cpN hS>_]$pf gpN¡ R>¡.
2. kp¡Å¡ Asõ\f fl¡, [¡ ¼epf¡ h^¡ R>¡
[p¡ ¼epf¡L$ ^V¡$ R>¡. ¼epf¡L$ A¡L$ õ\p_¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ [p¡ ¼epf¡L$ buÅ S>ÁepA¡
S>[p¡ füp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
3. kp¡Å_u S>ÁepA¡ Dcpf-V¡$L$fp¡-D`ku
Åe R>¡.
4. kp¡Å_p¡ cpN buÅ cpN L$f[p¬ Nfd
gpN¡ R>¡.
5. iufpAp¡ `p[mu `X$u Åe R>¡.
6. A¬Np¡ rhhZ® \B Åe R>¡, A¡V$g¡
f¬Np¡ b]$gpB Åe R>¡.
7. QpdX$u_u S>ÁepA¡ hpm_u fy¬hpV$u
cu E\B Åe R>¡.
8. QpdX$u M¢QpB_¡ QdL$[u \B NB lp¡e
R>¡.
9. S>¡ A¬Ndp¬ kp¡Å¡ lp¡e [¡_u L$pd
L$fhp_u is¼[ ^V$u Åe R>¡.
10. [¡dp¬ bm[fp L¡$ ]y$Mphp¡ `Z \pe
R>¡.
D`f
hp[S>Þe kp¡Å_p gnZp¡
1. [¡ af[p¡ fl¡ R>¡. A¡L$ õ\p_¡\u
buS>¡ Mk[p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
2. h^^V$ k[[ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
3. kp¡Å_u S>Áep_u QpdX$u `p[mu `X$u
Åe R>¡.
4. QpdX$u kyL$pB Ne¡gu lp¡e R>¡.
5. [¡ fp[u L¡$ L$pmu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
6. QpdX$udp¬ õ`i® op_ OV$u Åe R>¡, ]y$:Mphp¡
h^u Åe R>¡.
7. Å¡ kp¡Å_¡ ]$bphhpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ [¡
]$bpB Åe R>¡ A_¡ _p_p¡ \B Åe R>¡.
8. cpf gB g¡[p¬ kp¡Å¡ `pR>p¡ d|m sõ\[udp¬
Aphu Åe R>¡.
9. q]$hk¡ kp¡Å¡ h^¡ R>¡, fpÓ¡ OV¡$
R>¡.
D`f
r`Ñ S>Þe kp¡Å_p gnZp¡
1. kp¡Å_¡ lp\ gNphhp\u ky¬hpmp¡ gpN¡
R>¡.
2. [¡dp¬ kl¡S> hpk Aph¡ R>¡.
3. fp[¡ `ump¡ L¡$ L$pmp¡ \B Åe R>¡.
4. fp¡Nu_¡ [ph, Q½$f Aph¡ R>¡.
5. `fk¡hp¡ h^y \pe R>¡.
6. [fk h^y gpN¡ R>¡.
7. bm[fp \pe R>¡.
8. lp\ gNphhp\u ]y$M¡ R>¡.
D`f
L$aS>Þe kp¡Å_p gnZp¡
1. kp¡Ådp¬ cpf¡`Ϭ gpN¡ R>¡.
2. [¡ sõ\f lp¡e R>¡, A¡L$ S> S>ÁepA¡
Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
3. [¡ kl¡S> au½$p f¬N_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
4. fp¡Nu_¡ Aê$rQ \pe R>¡.
5. gpm `Z `X¡$ R>¡.
6. K^ h^y Aph¡ R>¡.
7. Ar”dp¬^ \B Åe R>¡.
8. [¡ L$W$Z lp¡e R>¡.
9. [¡_¡ Ap¬Nmu\u ]$bph[p MpX$p¡ `X¡$
R>¡.
10. fpÓ¡ kp¡Å hO¡ R>¡. q]$hk¡ ^V¡$
R>¡.
D`f
kpÝe kpÝe[p
S>¡ fp¡Nudp¬ dp¬k Ap¡Ry>¬ \[y¬ _
lp¡e, A¡L$ S> ]$p¡j\u \[p¡ lp¡e, [pÅ¡ lp¡e, fp¡Nu bmhp_ lp¡e [p¡ fp¡N kl¡gpB\u
dV¡$ R>¡.
Å¡ fp¡Nu ]y$b®m lp¡e, kp¡Å¡
gp¬bp kde_p¡ lp¡e, kp¡Å D`f rifpAp¡_p Åm ]¡$Mp[p¬ lp¡e, S>¡dp¬\u `pZu Td[y¬ lp¡e,
S>¡ ApMp ifuf¡ lp¡e, S>¡ rÓ]$p¡j S>Þe [¡ fp¡N dV$hp¡ A^fp¡ R¡.
kp¡Å_u kpfhpf
rQs¼Ðkpdp¬ QfL$ î¡óW$ NZpe R>¡.
ApS>¡ `Z [¡ Ap^pfc|[ N°¬\ NZpe R>¡. [¡\u QfL$k¬rl[p_p rQqL$Ðkp õ\p__p 12dp
AÝepepdp¬ ðe\y rQqL$ÐkpÝedp¬ kp¡Å_p b[ph¡gp D`Qpfp¡dp¬\u D`ep¡Nu hp[p¡ Alv
L$fuiy¬.
QfL¡$ iê$Ap[dp¬ S> g¿ey¬ L¡$
bg-]$p¡j A_¡ L$pm_p ÅZL$pf h¥^p¡ r_]$p_-]$p¡$j F>[y\u rh`fu[ ApQpf\u kp¡Å_u
kpfhpf L$fhu Å¡BA¡. [¡_p¡ A\® A¡ \ep¡ L¡$ h¥Û_¡ fp¡Nu_p bmhp¡, fp¡N_p ]$p¡jp¡_u
âbm[p_p¡ A_¡ L$B F>[y Qpg¡ R>¡ [¡_u kp¥ â\d ÅZL$pfu lp¡hu Å¡BA¡. [¡ `R>u S> [¡Z¡
rQqL$Ðkp L$fhpdp¬ âh©Ñ \hy¬ Å¡BA¡.
A_¡ rQqL$Ðkp L$fhp_p¡ d|m rkÙp¬[
`Z kdÅhu ]$u^p¡. S>¡ L$pfZp¡\u fp¡N \pe [¡ r_]$p_, S>¡ ]$p¡j\u fp¡N \pe [¡ F>[y.
Ap ÓZ¡e\u rh`fu[ L$fZu L$fu fp¡N_u kpfhpf L$fhu Å¡BA¡. rh`fu[ L$fZu A¡V$g¡
fp¡N_y¬ S>¡ L$pfZ lp¡e [¡_p¡ [¡ ÐepN L$fhp_p¡ S>. [ØD`fp¬[ S>¡ L$pfZ\u fp¡N \ep¡
lp¡e [¡_p\u rhê$Ù âh©rÑ_¡ A`_phhu ]$p.[. blz MpVy$ Mphp\u kp¡Å QX$ep lp¡e [p¡
MpV$u QuÅ¡ Mphu b¬^ L$fhu S>, A_¡ MpV$p fk_y¬ dpfZ L$f¡ [¡hu QuÅ¡ Mphu b¬^ L$fhu
S>, A_¡ MpV$p fk_y¬ dpfZ L$f¡ [¡hu QuÅ¡ Mphu, [¡hy¬ S> ]$p¡j_y¬ Å¡ L$a\u kp¡Å
QX$ep lp¡e [p¡ L$aL$pfL$ `]$p\p£_y¬ k¡h_ b¬^ L$fu L$a rhfp¡^u `]$p\p£_y¬ k¡h_ iê$
L$fhy¬ A_¡ Å¡ iu[L$pmdp¬ kp¡Å Aph[p lp¡e [p¡ DóZp¡`Qpf L$fhp¡. DóZL$pmdp¬ kp¡Å
Aph[p¬ lp¡e [p¡ iu[p¡`Qpf L$fhp¡. Ap \ep¬ fp¡N_¡ _pby]$ L$fhp_p¬ âpf¬rcL$ rkÙp¬[.
[¡_¡ S>fp h^y JX$p D[fu buÅ
rkÙp¬[p¡ `Z b[ph¡ R>¡.
1) Å¡ Apd ]$p¡j\u kp¡Å_u DÐ`rÑ \B
lp¡e [p¡ `l¡gp¬ g¬O_ L$fphu-`pQ_ Ap¥j^p¡\u ]$]$w_u kpfhpf L$fhu. Apd A¡V$g¡
L$pQy, b¬O_ L$fhp\u Ar” D`f _hp¡ cpf Aphi¡ _rl, [¡\u `X$[f fl¡gp L$pdp¡ L$fi¡.
S>¡ ]$frdep_ L$pQp ]$p¡jp¡_y¬ `pQ_ L$fi¡ A¡V$g¡ S>¡V$gp g¬O_ \B iL¡$ [¡V$gp
L$fhp. [¡ `R>u `pQ_ Ap¥j^p¡ Ap`hp¬ S>¡ bpL$u fl¡gp Apd `Z `Qphu _pMi¡.
2) Å¡ ]$p¡jp¡ h^u S>hp\u kp¡Å \ep
lp¡e hd_ rhf¡Q_ Üpfp k¬ip¡^_ L$fhy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡ A_¡ fu[¡ h^¡gp ]$p¡jp¡_¡ ifuf_u
blpf a¢L$u ]¡$hp Å¡BA¡.
3) Å¡ dp\pdp¬ kp¡Å¡ Apìep¡ lp¡e [p¡
rifp¡-rhf¡Q_ _õe Üpfp dp\pdp¬ fl¡gp ]$p¡jp¡_¡ blpf L$pY$hp Å¡BA¡. _õe A¡V$g¡ _pL$dp¬
]$hp _pMu L$fhpdp¬ Aph[u kpfhpf. rifp¡rhf¡Q_ A¡V$g¡ dp\pdp¬ fl¡gp ]$p¡jp¡_¡ blpf
L$pY$hp dpV¡$_u `Ùr[_y¬ _pd, Apd dp\pdp¬ fl¡gp ]$p¡jp¡ _õe Üpfp blpf L$pY$hp_p¡
D`]¡$i Apàep¡ R>¡.
4) ifufdp¬ Å¡ _uQ¡_p cp¡Ndp¬ kp¡Å
lp¡e [¡ rhf¡Q_ Üpfp [¡_u kpfhpf L$fhu, rhf¡Q_ A¡V$g¡ Sy>gpb. Apeyh£]$dp¬ rhrh^
Å[_p rhf¡Q_ Üpfp ]$p¡jp¡_¡ Ny]$p dpN£\u blpf L$pY$hp_u `Ùr[ âQgu[ R>¡.
5) Å¡ ifuf_p D`f_p cpNdp¬ kp¡Å Aph[p
lp¡e [p¡ hd_ Üpfp [¡_q rQqL$Ðkp L$fhu hd_ A¡V$g¡ DgV$u. dyM hpV¡$ ifuf_p D`f_p
cpNp¡_p ]$p¡jp¡_¡ blpf L$pY$hp_u Ap `Ùr[ R>¡.
6) Å¡ h^y `X$[p¬ QuL$Zp¬ `]$p\p£ Mphp\u
kp¡Å QX$ep lp¡e [p¡ g|Mp Öìe\u [¡_u kpfhpf L$fhu. Ap ApNm b[ph¡gu rhfp¡^u
q¾$ep_u hp[ \B. S>¡ L$pfZ¡ fp¡N \ep¡ lp¡e [¡_p\u rhfp¡^u q¾$ep L$fhu.
7) lh¡ Å¡ g|Mp `]$p\p£ k¡h_\u kp¡Å
QX$hp_y¬ bÞey¬ lp¡e [p¡ [¡_u kpfhpf dpV¡$ QuL$Zp `]$p\p£ hp`fhp. D`f_u S> hp[
DgV$phu_¡ Alu¬ L$fu R>¡. b¬_¡dp¬ fl¡gp¡ rkÙp¬[ A¡L$ S> R>¡.
8) Å¡ hp[ S> ip¡\ lp¡e A_¡ A¡dp¬
fp¡Nu_p¡ dm dmpiedp¬ N¬W$pB Nep¡ lp¡e [p¡ r_ê$W$ bsõ[_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡. bsõ[
A¡V$g¡ A¡q_dp, rhrh^ ]$p¡j_piL$ Öìep¡_p¬ DL$pmp_u A¡r_dp Ap`hp_u q¾$ep Apeyh£]$dp¬
bsõ[_¡ _pd¡ Ap¡mMpe>¡. Ap `Z A¡L$ k¬ip¡^_ q¾$ep A¡V$g¡ `¬QL$d® S> \ey¬.
A¡V$g¡ fp¡Nu_¡ g¬O_-`pQ_ L$fphu [¡_¡ ]¡$l_¡
r_fpd L$fhp¡. `R>u ]$p¡jp_ykpf A_¡ õ\p_p_ykpf hd_, rhf¡Q_, bsõ[, _õe S>¡hp `¬QL$d®_p
âep¡Np¡\u ifuf_u k¬iyqÙ L$fhp_u hp[ â\d d|L$u. ApV$gy¬ L$fhp\u dp¡V$p cpN_p
fp¡Np¡ [p¡ _pi `pd¡ R>¡. bpL$u_p ]$p¡jp¡ A_¡ fp¡N `f¡Æ `pmhp\u A_¡ k¬id_
rQqL$Ðkp\u dV¡$ R>¡.
D`f
A`Õe
ipõÓL$pf¡ A`Õe_u hp[ gMu R>¡.
A¡V$g¡ A`Õe rkhp_y¬ `Õe kdÆ g¡hp_y¬. kp¡\ fp¡Ndp¬ _yL$ip_ L$f_pf cphp¡_y¬ Alv hZ®_
L$f¡g R>¡. S>¡ _yL$ip_ L$f¡ [¡_¡ A`Õe kdS>hy¬ Å¡BA¡. [¡_p\u DgVy¬-rh`qf[ gpc
L$f_pf lp¡e S>¡_¡ `Õe NZu iL$pe.
A¡L$ buÆ hp[ [¡ S>dp_pdp¬ A¡V$g¡
L¡$ QfL$ k¬rl[p gMpB [¡ kdedp¬ S>¡ A`Õe âQgu[ l[p¬. S>¡dp¬_p L¡$V$gp¬L$ Ap`Z¡
Å¡ep _\u L¡$ D`ep¡Ndp¬ g¡[p `Z _\u. [¡\u [¡_p¡ Dëg¡M AÓ¡ L$ep£ _\u. dpÓ S>¡ Öìep¡
lpg âQgu[ R>¡ A_¡ ìehlpfdp¬ R>¡ [¡dp¬\u L$p¡_y¬ N°lZ _ L$fhy¬ [¡ S> Atl b[pìey¬
R>¡.
1. duWy¬$ - S>¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ ghZ, _dL$,
kp¡ëV$ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. [¡ Mp¡fpL$dp¬ duWy¬$ _rl g¡hp_y¬, A¡V$g¡ kp¡ëV$ äu X$pe¡V$
(A¡k.A¡a.X$u.) kp¬â[ rhop_ `Z kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu_¡ duWy$ g¡hp_u d_pB L$f¡ R>¡. Apeyh£]$
[¡_¡ hjp£ `l¡gp¬ L$üy¬ R>¡, [¡\u h^y rhhp]$ V$uà`Zu_u S>ê$f _\u.
2. Np¡m - ipõÓL$pf gM¡ R>¡ Np¡m A_¡
[¡_u b_phV$p¡ kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu dpV¡$ A`Õe R>¡. [¡ hM[¡ Mp¬X$ âQrg[ _lp¡[u S>¡\u
[¡_p¡ Dëg¡M Atl L$ep£ _\u. `f¬[y
Mp¬X$ `Z kdÆ S> g¡hp_u, b¬_¡_¡ c¡Np L$l¡hp lp¡e [p¡ BnyrhL$pf, i¡fX$udp¬\u b_[p
`]$p\p£_y¬ A¡V$g¡ i¡fX$u_p¡ fk, Np¡m, Mp¬X$ A_¡ [¡_u b_phV$p¡ b¬^, Vy$L$dp¬
kp]$u cpjpdp¬ Nm`Z D`f Qp¡L$X$u.
kpdpÞe fu[¡ A¡hy¬ b_[y¬ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡
gp¡L$p¡_¡ duWy$ b¬^ L$fhp_y¬ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ [¡ Nþey¬ Qpgy L$fu ]¡$ R>¡. dp¡mu fkp¡B
cph¡ _rl A¡V$g¡ Nm`Z Mpe `Z kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu dpV¡$ [p¡ [¡ b¬_¡ D`f âr[b¬^ R>¡.
3. ]$lv - Apeyh£]$dp¬ ]$lv_p¡ kp¡Å
ApZ_pf L$üp R>¡. ]$lv\u kp¡Å h^¡, Äepf¡ R>pi kp¡Å dV$pX¡$, A¡L$ `]$p\®_p b¡ õhê$`
`Z k¬õL$pf\u [¡d_p¬ NyZp¡dp¬ a¡f `X$ep¡, ]$lv_¡ hgp¡_u_¡-d\u_¡-[¡_p¬ L$Zp¡_¡ rR>ß
L$fu_¡ R>pi b_phu [¡\u [¡ ip¡\lf. ]$lv cpf¡, R>pi lgL$u ]$lu Arcóe¬]$u A¡V$g¡
QuL$Zy¬, ÷p¡[kp¡dp¬ Ahfp¡^ L$f¡, Äepf¡ R>pi [p¡ õÓp¡[kp¡_¡ kpa L$f¡ M|ëgp L$f¡,
A¡V$g¡ kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu_¡ ]$lv Mphp_u d_pB R>¡, `Z R>pi Mphp_u d_pB _\u.
4. MpV$p Öìep¡ - D`f\u hp[ ApNm
QgphuA¡ ]$lu¬ MpVy¬$ lp¡e L¡$ dp¡my¬, kpp¡Å_p fp¡NuA¡ _rl g¡hp_y¬ R>pi gB iL$pe
`Z [¡ kph dp¡mu, S>fp `Z MpV$u _lu, A¡V$g¡ R>pi_p¡ Dëg¡M L$f[u hM[¡ MpV$u R>pi _rl
Mphu [¡d kdS>hy¬. MpV$p Öìep¡dp¬ ]$lv, MpV$u R>pi, V$d¡V$p, L$p¡Wp, Apdgu, guby¬,
guby_p a}g, L$pQu L¡$fu, MpV$p amp¡ hN¡f¡ Aphu Åe, lp¬X$hp¡, Y$p¡L$mp¬, MdZ,
BX$gu, Y$p¡¬kp, b°¡X$, hN¡f¡ ApÕep `R>u `L$h¡gp `]$p\p£ Aphu Åe.
Apd Mpfp¡, MpV$p¡ A_¡ Nþep¡ fk kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu
dpV¡$ b¬^ [yfp¡, [uMp¡ A_¡ L$X$hp¡ fk g¡hpe, kdÆ gp¡ AX$^p fkp¡ D`f âr[b¬^.
dp¡V$p cpN_u fkp¡B D`f A¬Ly$i.
5. ]$pê$-d]$ufp - _p¡ X²$vL$, L$p¡B
`Z Å[_p d^_p¡ kd|mhp¡ r_j¡O. R>p_¡ M|Z¡ _rl L¡$ Ål¡fdp¬ `Z _rl îu. dp¡fpfÆcpB
]¡$kpB_¡ Nd[u hp[.
6. [g - Ap`Z¡ [g_p¡ blz Ap¡R>p¡
D`ep¡N L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. L$p¡BL$ Mpk fkp¡X$pdp¬ hp`fuA¡. D[fpeZ D`f ep]$ L$fuA¡.
bpmL$p¡ [g_p gpXy$ Mpe. bpL$u lh¡ [¡_p¡ `pL$ Ap¡R>p¡, cph h^pf¡, [¡\u Qpg OV$ep¡.
ANpD [¡_p¡ M|b D`ep¡N \[p¡. [g_y¬ L$Qfuey A_¡ [¡hu buÆ hp_Nu M|b Mhp[u. Atl [g
D`f `Z âr[b¬O Ål¡f \ep¡. Ap`Z_¡ blz õ`i®[u hp[ _\u. R>[p¬ ÅÞeyApfu dpk dp¬k kp¡Å
kp\¡ [p¡ S>fp kpQhu g¡hy¬.
7. _hy¬ A_pS> - OJ, Qp¡Mp hN¡f¡ A_pS>
A¡L$ hj® `R>u Mphp Å¡BA¡-[pÅ _rl. L$pfZ L¡$ [¡ cpf¡ lp¡e R>¡. kpÆ ìes¼[_¡ `Z [¡
Mphp_p¡ r_j¡^ kp¡Åhpmu ìes¼[_¡ [p¡ [¡ _yL$ip_ S> L$f¡. dpV¡$ A¡L$ hj® Sy>_¬y
Mphy¬ _hy¬ A_pS> R>p¡X$phy¬.
8. cpf¡ `]$p\p£ - cpf¡ A¡V$g¡ hS>_dp¬
[p¡ cpf¡ Mfp S>, `Z `Qhpdp¬ `Z cpf¡, S>¡_¡ Apeyh£]$dp¬ Nyê$ `]$p\p£ L$l¡ R>¡.
Apd Nyê$ `]$p\p£ `¡V$ cfu_¡ Mphp_u d_pB R>¡. [¡ [p¡ \p¡X$p Mphp rl[phl R>¡.
L$pfZL¡$ kdekf `Q¡ _rl [p¡ Apd L$f¡. A¡V$g¡ kp¡Åhpmu ìes¼[ dpV¡$ [p¡ [¡_p D`f `|fp¡
âr[b¬O Ahp Nep¡. Aphp `]$p\p£dp¬ ^u, [¡g, dpMZ, dphp¡, duW$pB, Mp¬X$, Np¡m hN¡f¡
hN¡f¡ Aphu Nep.
9. kyL$h¡gy¬ ipL$ - R>¡ _¡ Apòe® _u
hp[ ? L$p¡B k|L$h¡gy¬ ipL$ Mp[y li¡ ? A¡hp¡ âñ kp¥_¡ \pe. L$pfZ L¡$ bpf¡ drl_p
dpNp¡ [¡ ipL$ dm¡ R>¡. cp]$fhp_p cvX$p A_¡ dpNkf_p d|mp bpf¡ dpk dpNu gp¡. A_¡
[¡ cp]$fhp [\p dpNkf L$f[p¬ kpfp A_¡ QqX$ep[p. `l¡gp¬ A¡hy¬ l[y¬ L¡$ ipL$ dpÓ
Qp¡dpkpdp¬ S> Å¡hp dm[y¬. AdyL$ ipL$ ]$p.[. Xy$¬Nmu bV¡$V$p S>¡hy¬ bpf¡ dpk dm¡.
buÅ L$p¡B ipL$ riepm¡ dm¡. `Z D_pmpdp¬ [p¡ gugy ipL$ Å¡hp S> _ dm¡. Ðepf¡ Ap
k|LhZu_u â\p l[u. lÆ `Z ^Zp Ly$Vy¬$bp¡dp¬ [¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
]$p.[. dfQp¬_u L$pQgu, gugp dfQp¬_p duWy¬$
cfu (âdpZkf) [¡_¡ k|L$hu ]¡$hp_p¬, `R>u S>ê$f `X¡$ Ðepf¡ [¡ [mu_¡ Mphp_p¬,
Nhpf_u k|L$hZu \[u. d¡\u Äepf¡ kõ[u lp¡e Ðepf¡ _p_p `p__¡ Q|V$u k|L$hu _Mpe. L$p¡\duf
dpV¡$ `Z A¡hy¬ S> R>¡. `l¡gp¬ [p¡ d|m_p k|L$hZu `Z \[u. Ap A¡L$ âuTh£i_ `Ùr[ l[u,
_¡ Ap¡a kuT_dp¬ D`ep¡Nu \[u. lh¡ A¡ â\p Ap`p¡Ap` f]$ \B NB R>¡.
Apeyh£]$pQpep£ Apd `Z ipL$
Mphp_u _p `pX¡$ R>¡. Ðepf¡ k|L$hZu [p¡ iu fu[¡ Mhpe ? [¡dp¬ hmu kp¡Åhpmu ìes¼[
dpV¡$ [p¡ _ S> Mhpe.
10. kyLy$ dp¬k - k|L$p ipL$ S>¡hu hp[
lh¡ k|L$p dp¬k_¡ `Z gpNy `X¡$ R>¡ S>. ApNm [p¡ buÅ dp¬k Mphp_u `Z d_pB R>¡. [¡_u
hp[ lh¡ Aphi¡.
11. dp¬k - QfL¡$ ÓZ Å[_p¬ kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu_¡
Mphp_u _p L$lu R>¡. N°pçe A¡V$g¡ S>_phfy¬ dp¬k, S>gue A¡V$g¡ S>mQf âpZu_y¬ dp¬k
Ap\u dp¬kplpfuAp¡ kdÆ g¡. k|L$dp¬k [p¡ Mphp_y¬ _\u S>. D`fp¬[ dpR>gu, L$pQbp,
L$fQgp¬, TvNp S>¡hp QmQf, âpZuAp¡, lfZ, fvR>, S>¬Ngu c|¬X$, S>¬Ngu N^¡X$p, fp¡T,
_ugNpe hN¡f¡_y¬ dp¬k `Z _rl S> Mphp_y¬.
bL$fu_y¬ dp¬k Mhpe A_¡ A¡V$gp\u
S> k¬[p¡j dp_hpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡ `yf[y¬ R>¡.
12. AkpÐçe - A¡V$g¡ dpaL$ _ Aph¡ [¡ _
S> Mphy¬. ]$p.[. dN kpfp R>¡, DÑd Mp¡fpL$ R>¡. `Z L$p¡B_¡ [¡ dpaL$ _ Aph¡ [p¡ _
S> Mphp, ifuf S>¡ õhuL$pfhp_u _p `pX¡$ [¡ `fpZ¡ Mphp_u gpc_¡ b]$g¡ _yL$ip_ S> \pe.
dpV¡$ Nd¡ [¡V$gy¬ D`ep¡Nu-gpcâ]$ lp¡e R>[p¬ S>¡ dpaL$ _ Aph¡ [¡ _ S> Mphy¬.
13. rh]$plu Aß - S>¡ Mp¡fpL$ bm[fp L$f¡
[¡ rh]$plu, [¡dp¬ A¡L$ ]$pê$ _rl `uhp_y¬ [p¡ ApNm Aphu S> Ney¬. MpV$u QuÅ¡_u hp[
`Z L$fu gu^u. bpL$u flu [uMu, A\pϬ, fpe[y¬, QV$Zu hN¡f¡ _ S> Mhpe.
14. buÅ `]$p\p£ - Qp¡Mp_p¡ gp¡V$
Mphp_u _p R>¡. Ap`Z¡ [¡_p hp_Nu L$p¡BL$ S> hpf b_phuA¡ R>uA¡. buSy>¬ S>h_¡
aZNpe¡gp Mphp_u _p L$lu R>¡. Ap`Z¡ S>h Mp[p _\u. A¡V$g¡ hp[ `yfu \B NB.
15. b¡ rhlpf - kp¡Å_p fp¡Nu_¡ q]$hk¡
kyhp_u d_pB R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ [¡ L$ah^®L$ R>¡. A_¡ d¥\y__u d_pB R>¡.
b¬_¡_p L$pfZp¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ A_¡
b¬_¡ q¾$ep ip¡\h^®L$ R>¡.
ApV$gy¬ A`Õe bpL$u_y¬ `Õe.
D`f
kp¡Å_u rQqL$Ðkp
kp¡Å_u kpfhpf b¡ fu[¡ \pe R>¡.
(1) Apæe¬[f-Ap¥j^ `ep¡N\u ]$p¡jid_ L$fu kp¡Å dV$pX$pe R>¡. (2) bpü-kp¡Å D`f g¡`,
k¡L$ hN¡f¡ L$fu kp¡Å dV$pX$hp_u rQqL$Ðkp. iê$Ap[dp¬ Ap`Z¡ Apæe¬[f D`Qpfp¡ Å¡BA¡.
(1) Apæe¬[f rQqL$Ðkp
kp¡Å_u kpfhpf dpV¡$ d|Óg A_¡ ip¡^Ý_ Ap¥j^p¡
rhi¡j D`ep¡Nu \pe R>¡. Aphp Ap¥j^p¡ rhj¡ `l¡gp¬ rhQpfuA¡.
`y__®hp _¡ kpV$p¡X$u `Z L$l¡
R>¡. Qp¡dpkp_p hjp®\u [¡_p h¡gp S>du_ D`f `\fpe¡gp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap h¡gp `p_ krl[
^p¡B, [¡_p¡ [pÅ¡ fk L$pY$u 20 \u 30 N°pd_u dpÓpdp¬ fp¡Nu_¡ Ap`u iL$pe. Ap `y__®hp
buÆ kuT_dp¬ k|L$u dm¡ R>¡. [¡_p¡ DL$pmp¡ L$fu_¡ `u iL$pe [¥epf Ap¥j^dp¬ `y__®hpkh,
`y__®hpô$L$, `y__®hpqfô$, `y__®hp d¬X|$f, `y__®hpq]$ N|Nm, hN¡f¡ ]$hp bÅfdp¬ dm¡
R>¡. [¡_y¬ k¡h_ `Z rl[L$f R>¡.
Np¡Mê$ buÅ d|Óg Ap¥j^ R>¡. [¡_p
h¡gp `Z S>du_ D`f `\fpe R>¡. `f¬[y [¡_p L$p¬V$phpmp am L$pddp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. k|L$p
Np¡Mê$ Np¬^u_u ]y$L$p_¡ dm¡ R>¡, [¡_¡ Mp¬X$u [¡_y¬ Q|Z 3 \u 4 N°pd_u dpÓdp¬ ÓZ
hpf gB iL$pe. Np¡Mê$ _¡ A^L$Qfp Mp¬X$u [¡_¡ DL$pmp¡ b_phu `u iL$pe. Np¡nyfpq]$
N|Nm_u 2-2 Np¡mu khpf-b`p¡f-kp¬S>¡ q]$hkdp¬ 3 hpf `pZu kp\¡ gB iL$pe.
rigpÆ[ A¡ `Õ\fdp¬\u _uL$m[p¡ fk
R>¡. [¡ d|Óg, ip¡^Ý_ A_¡ `p¥rô$L$ R>¡. 5 \u 20 N°pd ky^u [¡ ]|$^ L¡$ `pZudp¬
Ap¡Npmu_¡ q]$hkdp¬ khpf-kp¬S> 2 hpf gB iL$pe. [¡_u b_phV$p¡dp¬ Q¬ÖâcphV$u _¬. 1,
rigprS>Ðhpq]$ hV$u, Æhu[â]$p hV$u, Apfp¡Áehr^® hV$u hN¡f¡ dm¡ R>¡. [¡_u 2-2
Np¡mu khpf-b`p¡f-kp¬S>¡ q]$hkdp¬ 3 hpf `pZu kp\¡ gB iL$pe.
d|Ó î¡óW$ rhf¡QL$ A_¡ ip¡^Ý_
R>¡. Npe_y¬ [pSy>¬ d|Ó 30 \u 50 N°pd ky^u q]$hkdp¬ 2 \u 3 hpf `uhp\u `Z kp¡Å D[f¡
R>¡.
S>h `Z kp¡Å D[pf_pf A_¡ `¡ipb
kpa gph_pf R>¡. S>h_¡ afu `pZudp¬ DL$pmu [¡ S> `pZu ApMp¡ q]$hk `uhp_p D`ep¡Nudp¬
g¡hy¬ Å¡BA¡.
Ap D`fp¬[ npf``®V$u, ip¡\lf hV$u,
d|Óg L$hp\, r_Ðep_¬]$ fk, S>gp¡]$fpqf fk, Ly$dpfu Apkh hN¡f¡ D`ep¡Nu R>¡.
kp¡Ådp¬ [p¡X$ A_¡ ]y$:Mphp¡ [\p¡
lp¡e [p¡ Ar”[y¬X$u hV$u_u 2-2 Np¡mu khpf-b`p¡f-kp¬S>¡ q]$hkdp¬ 3 hpf `pZu kp\¡
gB iL$pe.
fp¡Np_ykpf rQqL$Ðkp
kp¡Å A¡ Apd ]¡$Mp[u fu[¡ kpdpÞe
fp¡N gpN¡ R>¡, `f¬[y ^Zu hM[ dp¡V$p fp¡N_p gnZ [fuL¡$ lp¡e R>¡. [¡_p [fa Å¡ ]y$g®c
k¡hhpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ ^p[L$ `qfZpd Aph¡ R>¡ ]$p.[. L$uX$_u bfpbf L$pd _ L$f¡ [p¡ `N¡
kp¡Å Aph¡. `N_p kp¡Å Å¡B_¡ S> r_óZp¬[ rQqL$ÐkL$ L$uX$_u_y¬ r_]$p_ L$f¡ R>¡. Aphp
fp¡N_u [f[ kpfhpf _ L$fpe [p¡ d©Ðey_y¬ L$pfZ hNf kp¡Å Aph¡ [p¡ [f[ S> [¡ kpÅ ip
L$pfZ\u Apìep R>¡ [¡_p [`pk L$fphhu Å¡BA¡. [¡hu S> fu[¡ ù]$efp¡Ndp¬ `Z kp¡Å QX¡$
W¡$. A¡d L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ `yê$jdp¬ `N¡\u kp¡Å QY$u dp¡Y¡$\u kp¡Å QY$u `N [fa
h^[p¬ Åe [p¡ [¡ `Z ce¬L$f[p k|QL$ R>¡.
lh¡ Arl Ap`Z¡ ¼ep fp¡N\u kp¡Å
Apìep lp¡e [¡_u L¡$hu kpfhpf L$fhu [¡ Å¡Biy¬.
1. Ly$rd : Å¡ `V$dp¬ L$frdep lp¡e
[p¡ `Z dp¢ `f \p¡\f Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Aphp fp¡N_p dm_y¬ `funZ L$fhp\u dmdp¬ Ly$rd_u
lpS>fu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. [¡ D`fp¬[ gp¡lu_u Ap¡R>`. E^dp¬ fpÓ¡ ]$p¬[ L$QL$Qphhp, gpm
`X$hu L¡$ TbL$u_¡ ÅNu S>hy¬ hN¡f¡ gnZp¡ Ly$rd_p¬ R>¡. [¡dp¬ hphX$vN_y¬ Q|Z®,
Ly$rdLy$W$pf fk, rhX¬$Npqfô$ hN¡f¡ Ap¥j^p¡ ep¡Æ iL$pe.
2. dpV$u Mphp_u V¡$h :
bpmL$p¡_¡ [\p `k|[p_¡ dpV$u Mphp_u V¡$h lp¡e R>¡. [¡_¡ gB_¡ õÓp¡[p¡fp¡^ \pe R>¡.
A_¡ kp¡Å QX¡$ R>¡ Aphu ìes¼[A¡ dpV$u Mphp_y¬ R>p¡X$u ]¡$hy¬ Å¡B¡A¡. A_¡ dy]y$
rhf¡Q_ (Sy>gpb) gB dpV$u_¡ blpf L$pY$hu Å¡BA¡.
3. `pXy¬$ : Å¡ ifufdp¬ gp¡lu Ap¡Ry>¬
lp¡e [¡ `Z kp¡Å Aph¡. Ap_¡ `pXy¬$ L¡$ A¡r_rdL$ L¬$X$ui_ L$l¡hpe, fp¡Nu_¡ `y__®hp
d¬Wy$f, L$pkuk cõd, gp¡lpkh hN¡¡f¡ Ap`hp Å¡BA¡.
4. kNcp®hõ\p : dp¬ bl¡_p¡_¡ kp¡Å QX¡$
R>¡. Ap gnZ `Z kpfy¬ _\u. Aphu bl¡_p¡_¡ Apfpd L$fhp¡ MpV$p `]$p\p£ b¬^ L$fhp A_¡
gp¡lpkh_y¬ k¡h_ L$fphhy¬.
5. k|hpfp¡N : âk|[phõ\pdp¬ k|hpfp¡N_¡
L$pfZ¡ `Z kp¡Å QX$[p¬ lp¡e R>¡. Aphu bl¡_p¡_¡ â[p`g¬L¡$ðf fk A_¡ ]$id|gpqfô$_y¬
k¡h_ S>ê$fu R>¡.
6. Apdhp[_p¡ fp¡N : ê$rdqV$L$ Ap\®fpBqV$k
A¡V$g¡ Apdhp[_p kp¡Ådp¬ dp¡V$u k¬r^Ap¡ D`f [¡_u Akf Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Apdhp[_u
kpfhpfdp¬ tkl_p]$ N|Nm, Apdhp[qf fk, fpS> _fZ¡ q]$h¡g A_¡ kp¡Å D`f f¡[u_p¡ k¡L$
L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡.
7. d|Ó`vX$ : L$vX$_u bNX¡$ [p¡ kp¡Å
Aph¡. [¡dp `y__®hpk_, `y__®hpqfô$, Np¡nyfpq]$ N|Nm, rigpÆ[ S>h_y¬ `pZu S>¡hp
d|Óg Ap¥j^p¡ Ap`hp.
8. ù]$efp¡N dp¬ kp¡Å Aph¡ [p¡
ù]$efp¡N_p¡ âL$pf ÅZu [¡ âdpZ¡ kpfhpf L$fhu. Å¡ L¡$ Apeyh£]$dp¬ ASy>®_pqfô$, ]$id|gpqfô$,
Æhu[â]$p hV$u, `y__®hpq]$ N|Nm hN¡f¡ Ap`u iL$pe.
9. guhf-bfp¡m : guhf L¡$ bfp¡X$ bNX¡$
[p¡ [¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ `Z kp¡Å Aph¡, Aphp âk¬N¡ Apfp¡Áeer^®_u hV$u, `y__®hp d¬X|$f,
Ly$dpfu Apkh hN¡f¡ î¡óW$ R>¡.
10. L$p¡B ÆhS>¬[y -L$fX¡$ [p¡ : dp¡V$p
cpN_p Æh-S>¬[y L$fX¡$ [p¡ r`ÑS>Þe kp¡Å Aph¡ R>¡. ]$p.[. c_fu L$fX¡$ [p¡ r`ÑS> kp¡\p
\pe. A¡hp kde¡ ]$ip¬N g¡`, L$pmu dpmu, ip¡^Ý_ g¡`, g¡` NyV$u hN¡f¡ h`pfu iL$pe.
(1) b°pü rQqL$Ðkp : kp¡Å_p¡ [p¡X$ ]y$Mphp¡
Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp L$`X$p_p L¡$ g¡`_p¡ k¡L$ L$fu iL$pe.
kp¡Å D`f ]$ip¬N g¡`, ]$p¡jÝ_ g¡`, hp[Ý_ g¡`
hN¡f¡ `pZudp¬ L$pghu_¡ gNphu iL$pe. S>ê$f `X¡$ [p¡ [¡_¡ kl¡S> Nfd L$fu_¡ `Z
gNphu iL$pe.
-
^Ñyfp¡ ip¡\lf R>¡. [¡_p `p__¡
QfZu_u S>¡d `pZudp¬ hpeu kl¡S> Nfd L$fu kp¡Å D`f g¡` L$fhp¡.
-
cdfu L¡$ T¡fu S>¬[y L$fX¡$ A_¡
kp¡Å¡ Aph¡, bm[fp \pe [p¡ L$pmu dpV$u_p¡ g¡` L$fu iL$pe.
-
^Zu hpf L¡$fp¡ku_ gNphhp\u `Z
Aphp kp¡Å D[fu Åe R>¡.
-
[ygku_p `p__p¡ fk, d|mp_p `p__p¡
fk, _hkpf_y¬ `pZudp¬\u Nd¡ [¡ kp¡Å¡ D`f gNphhp\u kp¡Å D[f¡ R>¡.
-
gudX$p_p `p__¡ bpau kp¡Å D`f
gNphhp\u kp¡Å D[f¡ R>¡.
-
fkh¬[u_¡ `pZudp¬ gY$u_¡ kp¡Å
D`f gNphhp\u kp¡Å¡ dV¡$ R>¡.
D`f
